{"id":"https://openalex.org/W581334404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","title":"Hiding information in noise: fundamental limits of covert wireless communication","display_name":"Hiding information in noise: fundamental limits of covert wireless communication","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W581334404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","mag":"581334404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044894929","display_name":"Boulat A. Bash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Boulat A. Bash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies","Quantum Information Processing (QuIP), Raytheon BBN Technologies"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Processing (QuIP), Raytheon BBN Technologies","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064436231","display_name":"Dennis Goeckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Goeckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036683370","display_name":"Don Towsley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Towsley","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst","University of Massachusetts, College of Information and Computer Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, College of Information and Computer Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049404285","display_name":"Saikat Guha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-4380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saikat Guha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst","Quantum Information Processing (QuIP), Raytheon BBN Technologies"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Processing (QuIP), Raytheon BBN Technologies","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044894929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":380,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98686221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"12","first_page":"26","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8559224605560303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.7522913217544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7264193296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7214061617851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.6372475624084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6207897663116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6162016987800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5220955610275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.43059858679771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4272679090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2561434507369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.10546532273292542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.09654119610786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09512737393379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.08466541767120361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8559224605560303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.7522913217544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7264193296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7214061617851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.6372475624084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6207897663116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6162016987800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5220955610275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.43059858679771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4272679090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2561434507369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.10546532273292542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.09654119610786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09512737393379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.08466541767120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7355562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482218439","https://openalex.org/W1738992959","https://openalex.org/W1980201978","https://openalex.org/W2000226542","https://openalex.org/W2001283559","https://openalex.org/W2008430594","https://openalex.org/W2068887604","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2115724631","https://openalex.org/W2142102521","https://openalex.org/W2145577744","https://openalex.org/W2166828385","https://openalex.org/W2963645489","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3106104013","https://openalex.org/W6637693764","https://openalex.org/W6645235741","https://openalex.org/W6652455710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210390481","https://openalex.org/W2164808023","https://openalex.org/W2497093735","https://openalex.org/W11355709","https://openalex.org/W2001809135","https://openalex.org/W1528698042","https://openalex.org/W4379058030","https://openalex.org/W1873599822","https://openalex.org/W2220012807","https://openalex.org/W2098486872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Widely":[0],"deployed":[1],"encryption-based":[2],"security":[3],"prevents":[4],"unauthorized":[5],"decoding,":[6],"but":[7],"does":[8],"not":[9],"ensure":[10],"undetectability":[11],"of":[12,19,35,43,55,121,131],"communication.":[13],"However,":[14],"covert,":[15],"or":[16,50],"low":[17],"probability":[18],"detection/intercept":[20],"communication":[21,85,110],"is":[22],"crucial":[23],"in":[24],"many":[25],"scenarios":[26],"ranging":[27],"from":[28],"covert":[29,84,109],"military":[30],"operations":[31],"and":[32,61,100,124],"the":[33,53,63,118,129],"organization":[34],"social":[36],"unrest,":[37],"to":[38,90],"privacy":[39],"protection":[40],"for":[41,96,103,128],"users":[42],"wireless":[44,104],"networks.":[45],"In":[46],"addition,":[47],"encrypted":[48],"data":[49],"even":[51,62],"just":[52],"transmission":[54],"a":[56,73,126],"signal":[57],"can":[58,68],"arouse":[59],"suspicion,":[60],"most":[64],"theoretically":[65],"robust":[66],"encryption":[67],"often":[69],"be":[70],"defeated":[71],"by":[72],"determined":[74],"adversary":[75],"using":[76],"non-computational":[77],"methods":[78],"such":[79,132],"as":[80,134],"side-channel":[81],"analysis.":[82],"Various":[83],"techniques":[86],"have":[87],"been":[88],"developed":[89],"address":[91],"these":[92,108],"concerns,":[93],"including":[94],"steganography":[95],"finite-alphabet":[97],"noiseless":[98],"applications":[99],"spread-spectrum":[101],"systems":[102,133],"communications.":[105],"After":[106],"reviewing":[107],"systems,":[111],"this":[112],"article":[113],"discusses":[114],"new":[115],"results":[116],"on":[117],"fundamental":[119],"limits":[120],"their":[122],"capabilities,":[123],"provides":[125],"vision":[127],"future":[130],"well.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}