{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1935679917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","title":"Quantum key distribution: examination of the decoy state protocol","display_name":"Quantum key distribution: examination of the decoy state protocol","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1935679917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","mag":"1935679917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054909769","display_name":"Logan O. Mailloux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-8083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Logan O. Mailloux","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078299741","display_name":"Michael R. Grimaila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-7992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael R. Grimaila","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073670182","display_name":"John M. Colombi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M. Colombi","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083395017","display_name":"Douglas D. Hodson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2679-2213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas D. Hodson","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019966021","display_name":"Ryan Engle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan D. Engle","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111478292","display_name":"Colin V. McLaughlin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin V. McLaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory","Naval Research laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005723180","display_name":"Gerald Baumgartner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6658-0864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100297","display_name":"Institute for Telecommunication Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00mj5bc69","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210100297","https://openalex.org/I4387155216"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Baumgartner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100297"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054909769"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I55061410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91264379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"10","first_page":"24","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.9314000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.9346042275428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.8006702661514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7762058973312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5571790337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5464904308319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49024492502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4828522801399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.45994776487350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45122426748275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4512086808681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.4197064936161041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.27319610118865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.2303219437599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.21728932857513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.21289926767349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12505367398262024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9346042275428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8006702661514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7762058973312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5571790337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5464904308319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49024492502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4828522801399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.45994776487350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45122426748275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4512086808681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.4197064936161041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.27319610118865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.2303219437599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.21728932857513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.21289926767349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12505367398262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7295459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959936891","https://openalex.org/W1979021932","https://openalex.org/W1982538111","https://openalex.org/W1983526869","https://openalex.org/W1983978562","https://openalex.org/W2003762972","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2015412650","https://openalex.org/W2016685663","https://openalex.org/W2041251400","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2047888896","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2066672555","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2121213780","https://openalex.org/W2336770924","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2538178995","https://openalex.org/W2591579911","https://openalex.org/W2950300453","https://openalex.org/W2987687226","https://openalex.org/W3098014255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294678756","https://openalex.org/W2314334203","https://openalex.org/W4312132309","https://openalex.org/W1993562880","https://openalex.org/W1610853595","https://openalex.org/W2047969991","https://openalex.org/W2064775687","https://openalex.org/W4240944159","https://openalex.org/W2916069885","https://openalex.org/W2129644390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"key":[1,22],"distribution":[2],"(QKD)":[3],"is":[4,42,75],"an":[5,138],"innovative":[6],"technology":[7,78,101],"that":[8,32,147],"exploits":[9],"the":[10,68,121,141,155],"laws":[11],"of":[12,29,71,104,123,154],"quantum":[13,35],"mechanics":[14],"to":[15,140],"generate":[16],"and":[17,55,67,93,109,136],"distribute":[18],"a":[19,76,105,130,151],"shared":[20],"cryptographic":[21],"for":[23,44],"secure":[24,106],"communications.":[25],"The":[26],"unique":[27],"nature":[28],"QKD":[30,47,74,100,127,156],"ensures":[31],"eavesdropping":[33],"on":[34],"communications":[36,107],"necessarily":[37],"introduces":[38],"detectable":[39],"errors":[40],"which":[41,87],"desirable":[43],"high-security":[45],"environments.":[46],"systems":[48,81,128],"have":[49],"been":[50],"demonstrated":[51],"in":[52],"both":[53],"freespace":[54],"optical":[56],"fiber":[57],"configurations,":[58],"gaining":[59],"global":[60],"interest":[61],"from":[62,84],"national":[63],"laboratories,":[64],"commercial":[65],"entities,":[66],"U.S.":[69],"Department":[70],"Defense.":[72],"However,":[73],"nascent":[77],"where":[79],"realized":[80],"are":[82],"constructed":[83],"non-ideal":[85],"components,":[86],"can":[88],"significantly":[89],"impact":[90],"system":[91],"performance":[92,122],"security.":[94],"In":[95,117],"this":[96],"article,":[97],"we":[98,119],"describe":[99],"as":[102],"part":[103],"solution":[108],"identify":[110],"vulnerabilities":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"practical":[114],"network":[115],"architectures.":[116],"particular,":[118],"examine":[120],"decoy":[124,142],"state":[125,143],"enabled":[126],"against":[129],"modeled":[131],"photon":[132],"number":[133],"splitting":[134],"attack":[135],"suggest":[137],"improvement":[139],"protocol":[144],"security":[145],"condition":[146],"does":[148],"not":[149],"assume":[150],"priori":[152],"knowledge":[153],"channel":[157],"efficiency.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}