{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129034289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","title":"Bad data injection in smart grid: attack and defense mechanisms","display_name":"Bad data injection in smart grid: attack and defense mechanisms","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129034289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","mag":"2129034289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100741261","display_name":"Yi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-1024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston","[Univ. of Houston]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Univ. of Houston]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071054131","display_name":"Mohammad Esmalifalak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Esmalifalak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston","[Univ. of Houston]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Univ. of Houston]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101772613","display_name":"Huy T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-250X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huy Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston","[Univ. of Houston]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Univ. of Houston]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056442083","display_name":"Rong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston","[Univ. of Houston]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Univ. of Houston]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston","[Univ. of Houston]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Univ. of Houston]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763888","display_name":"Husheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102012574","display_name":"Lingyang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Tennessee#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Tennessee#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.0163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9964195,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.8432941436767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8030219078063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7165166139602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5938151478767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.5798189043998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberspace","display_name":"Cyberspace","score":0.5727118253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.48609066009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4805741310119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4639420509338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45655837655067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4469880759716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4340009093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.42874065041542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.42311906814575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.33923566341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29904842376708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.16039720177650452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1356738805770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09946119785308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08840730786323547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.8432941436767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8030219078063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7165166139602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5938151478767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.5798189043998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.5727118253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.48609066009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4805741310119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4639420509338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45655837655067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4469880759716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4340009093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.42874065041542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.42311906814575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33923566341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29904842376708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.16039720177650452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1356738805770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09946119785308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08840730786323547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6400435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265889855","https://openalex.org/W621862620","https://openalex.org/W966080908","https://openalex.org/W1571403844","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1975635104","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2015491033","https://openalex.org/W2061207936","https://openalex.org/W2099741732","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2117255788","https://openalex.org/W2140900554","https://openalex.org/W6654509813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368745349","https://openalex.org/W3167675181","https://openalex.org/W2372005904","https://openalex.org/W144012884","https://openalex.org/W2360897455","https://openalex.org/W2131575257","https://openalex.org/W1961102902","https://openalex.org/W2363997002","https://openalex.org/W2375942086","https://openalex.org/W3003712514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54],"modern":[1],"smart":[2,29,65],"grid":[3,8,30,35,145],"networks,":[4],"the":[5,24,33,44,50,74,85,94,106,112,120,131,143],"traditional":[6],"power":[7,34,144],"is":[9,71,80,102,128],"empowered":[10],"by":[11],"technological":[12],"advances":[13],"in":[14],"sensing,":[15],"measurement,":[16],"and":[17,26,73,89],"control":[18,113],"devices":[19],"with":[20],"two-way":[21],"communications":[22],"between":[23],"suppliers":[25],"consumers.":[27],"The":[28,67,147],"integration":[31],"helps":[32],"networks":[36],"to":[37,104,133,155],"be":[38,153],"smarter,":[39],"but":[40],"it":[41],"also":[42],"increases":[43],"risk":[45],"of":[46,49,77,87,109,123,142],"attacks":[47,63],"because":[48],"existing":[51],"obsolete":[52],"cyber-infrastructure.":[53],"this":[55],"article,":[56],"we":[57,83],"focus":[58],"on":[59],"bad":[60],"data":[61],"injection":[62],"for":[64,130],"grid.":[66],"basic":[68],"problem":[69],"formulation":[70],"presented,":[72],"special":[75],"type":[76],"stealth":[78,157],"attack":[79],"discussed.":[81],"Then":[82],"investigate":[84],"strategies":[86],"defenders":[88],"attackers,":[90],"respectively.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"from":[93],"defender's":[95],"perspective,":[96],"an":[97],"adaptive":[98],"cumulative":[99],"sum":[100],"test":[101],"able":[103],"determine":[105],"possible":[107],"existence":[108],"adversaries":[110],"at":[111],"center":[114],"as":[115,117],"quickly":[116],"possible.":[118],"From":[119],"attacker's":[121],"point":[122],"view,":[124],"independent":[125],"component":[126],"analysis":[127],"employed":[129],"attackers":[132],"make":[134],"inferences":[135],"through":[136],"phasor":[137],"observations":[138],"without":[139],"prior":[140],"knowledge":[141],"topology.":[146],"inferred":[148],"structural":[149],"information":[150],"can":[151],"then":[152],"used":[154],"launch":[156],"attacks.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
