{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110859832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","title":"Practical physical-layer encryption: The marriage of optical noise with traditional cryptography","display_name":"Practical physical-layer encryption: The marriage of optical noise with traditional cryptography","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110859832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","mag":"2110859832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079856115","display_name":"Gregory S. Kanter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147087","display_name":"NuCrypt (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwx6044","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G.S. Kanter","raw_affiliation_strings":["NuCrypt, LLC, USA","NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016779629","display_name":"D. R. Reilly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147087","display_name":"NuCrypt (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwx6044","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["NuCrypt, LLC, USA","NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056676423","display_name":"Ned Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147087","display_name":"NuCrypt (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwx6044","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["NuCrypt, LLC, USA","NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NuCrypt, LLC, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079856115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3926,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89127868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"11","first_page":"74","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7714499235153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7131339907646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6836748719215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5942859649658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5089395046234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49766042828559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transport-network","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","score":0.4737834930419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4482979476451874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4458926022052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.38743385672569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.36182886362075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-performance-monitoring","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","score":0.3400050401687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.31351765990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21860697865486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1916898787021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16083914041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11910071969032288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08753806352615356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7714499235153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7131339907646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6836748719215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5942859649658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5089395046234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49766042828559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70979049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51831","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","level":5,"score":0.4737834930419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4482979476451874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4458926022052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.38743385672569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.36182886362075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.3400050401687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31351765990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21860697865486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1916898787021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16083914041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11910071969032288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08753806352615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.5307469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605173044","https://openalex.org/W1968372742","https://openalex.org/W2018053228","https://openalex.org/W2044100735","https://openalex.org/W2056967920","https://openalex.org/W2067782909","https://openalex.org/W2080355820","https://openalex.org/W2911857293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109961768","https://openalex.org/W4302848007","https://openalex.org/W4300523803","https://openalex.org/W4300285016","https://openalex.org/W4296757224","https://openalex.org/W2019708425","https://openalex.org/W2537523034","https://openalex.org/W4296757887","https://openalex.org/W1527490248","https://openalex.org/W2025742562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,71],"describe":[1,72],"an":[2],"emerging":[3],"method":[4,36],"of":[5,25,28,37,92],"encryption":[6,14],"suitable":[7],"for":[8],"high-speed":[9],"optical":[10,26,42,54,93,107],"communication":[11],"networks.":[12],"This":[13],"protocol":[15,62],"combines":[16],"traditional":[17],"electronic":[18],"cryptographic":[19],"algorithms":[20],"with":[21,46,66,76,103],"the":[22],"physical":[23],"effect":[24],"noise":[27],"quantum":[29],"origin":[30],"to":[31,86],"create":[32],"a":[33,77],"highly":[34],"secure":[35],"secret":[38],"communications.":[39],"The":[40,81],"resulting":[41],"signal":[43,83],"is":[44,84],"compatible":[45],"today's":[47],"high":[48],"speed":[49],"fiber":[50],"optic":[51],"infrastructure":[52],"including":[53],"amplification":[55],"and":[56,99],"add/drop":[57],"multiplexing.":[58],"Systems":[59],"implementing":[60],"this":[61],"can":[63],"be":[64],"constructed":[65],"common":[67],"commercially":[68],"available":[69],"components.":[70],"experimental":[73],"results":[74],"obtained":[75],"2.5":[78],"Gb/s":[79],"system.":[80],"encrypted":[82],"shown":[85],"travel":[87],"error-free":[88],"through":[89],">500":[90],"km":[91],"fiber.":[94],"Simulations":[95],"show":[96],"that":[97],"reaches":[98],"data":[100],"rates":[101],"consistent":[102],"modern":[104],"long":[105],"haul":[106],"networks":[108],"are":[109],"attainable.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
