{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118623524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","title":"Distributed transmit beamforming: challenges and recent progress","display_name":"Distributed transmit beamforming: challenges and recent progress","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118623524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","mag":"2118623524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043157561","display_name":"Raghuraman Mudumbai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-1556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Mudumbai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,\uc2a0Santa Barbara, USA","University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,\uc2a0Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112827492","display_name":"Donald R. Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.R. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA","Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089061562","display_name":"Upamanyu Madhow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-4138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U. Madhow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,\uc2a0Santa Barbara, USA","University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,\uc2a0Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.V. Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA","Princeton Univ., Princeton , NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton Univ., Princeton , NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":59.1944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":515,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99920954,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"2","first_page":"102","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.910610556602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8388422727584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.7546849846839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.628214955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4926777482032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4827665388584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.44633281230926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.4362802803516388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41407954692840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4046882688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.397498220205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1561058759689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.09350931644439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.07899916172027588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.910610556602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8388422727584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.7546849846839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.628214955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4926777482032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4827665388584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44633281230926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.4362802803516388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41407954692840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4046882688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.397498220205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1561058759689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.09350931644439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.07899916172027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4785387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.155.2196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.155.2196","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~raghu/research/mudumbai_commmag.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545957544","https://openalex.org/W1967698183","https://openalex.org/W2060868854","https://openalex.org/W2098208862","https://openalex.org/W2098745442","https://openalex.org/W2119161934","https://openalex.org/W2132529528","https://openalex.org/W2140147750","https://openalex.org/W2140805151","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2147621594","https://openalex.org/W2148172405","https://openalex.org/W2148982591","https://openalex.org/W2158923105","https://openalex.org/W2547785901","https://openalex.org/W2949467432","https://openalex.org/W6679828649","https://openalex.org/W6683911983","https://openalex.org/W6729588478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3087844490","https://openalex.org/W3090699061","https://openalex.org/W4387546583","https://openalex.org/W2188391530","https://openalex.org/W2051762234","https://openalex.org/W2055634632","https://openalex.org/W1510659114","https://openalex.org/W2787827467","https://openalex.org/W2131408743","https://openalex.org/W4367031485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0,63],"transmit":[1,17,78],"beamforming":[2,50,64,148],"is":[3,80],"a":[4,18],"form":[5],"of":[6,25,48,71,146],"cooperative":[7],"communication":[8],"in":[9,57,69,82,87,123],"which":[10,129],"two":[11],"or":[12,60],"more":[13],"information":[14,97],"sources":[15,95],"simultaneously":[16],"common":[19],"message":[20],"and":[21,43,73,99,126],"control":[22],"the":[23,30,40,45,94,110,115,144],"phase":[24],"their":[26],"transmissions":[27,111],"so":[28,108],"that":[29,109,131],"signals":[31],"constructively":[32,113],"combine":[33,112],"at":[34,114],"an":[35],"intended":[36],"destination.":[37,116],"Depending":[38],"on":[39],"design":[41],"objectives":[42],"constraints,":[44],"power":[46,79],"gains":[47],"distributed":[49,105,147],"can":[51,134],"be":[52,135],"translated":[53],"into":[54,149],"dramatic":[55],"increases":[56],"range,":[58],"rate,":[59],"energy":[61],"efficiency.":[62],"may":[65],"also":[66,152],"provide":[67],"benefits":[68],"terms":[70],"security":[72],"interference":[74],"reduction":[75],"since":[76],"less":[77],"scattered":[81],"unintended":[83],"directions.":[84],"Key":[85],"challenges":[86,133],"realizing":[88],"these":[89,132],"benefits,":[90],"however,":[91],"include":[92],"coordinating":[93],"for":[96,138],"sharing":[98],"timing":[100],"synchronization":[101,107],"and,":[102],"most":[103],"crucially,":[104],"carrier":[106],"This":[117],"article":[118],"reviews":[119],"promising":[120],"recent":[121],"results":[122],"architectures,":[124],"algorithms,":[125],"working":[127],"prototypes":[128],"indicate":[130],"surmounted.":[136],"Directions":[137],"future":[139],"research":[140],"needed":[141],"to":[142],"translate":[143],"potential":[145],"practice":[150],"are":[151],"discussed.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":43}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}