{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097332935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","title":"Direct-digital RF-modulator: a multi-function architecture for a system-independent radio transmitter","display_name":"Direct-digital RF-modulator: a multi-function architecture for a system-independent radio transmitter","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097332935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","mag":"2097332935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048740308","display_name":"Petri Eloranta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124177","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03c7ss521","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210124177"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Eloranta","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics Limited","STMicroelectronics, Agrate Brianza"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics Limited","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics, Agrate Brianza","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074459115","display_name":"P. Seppinen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106018","display_name":"Nokia (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/01resg468","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Seppinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia","Nokia,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054231009","display_name":"Aarno P\u00e4rssinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-6148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106018","display_name":"Nokia (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/01resg468","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Parssinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia","Nokia,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048740308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86733826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"144","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.83266282081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7832998037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.7465267777442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-transmitter-design","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","score":0.6083168983459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-radio","display_name":"Digital radio","score":0.507729172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5003509521484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4801187515258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-repeater","display_name":"Radio repeater","score":0.47296327352523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-radio-head","display_name":"Remote radio head","score":0.4542071223258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41359880566596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.394240140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36192792654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34102120995521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33936500549316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.26612889766693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13112953305244446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.83266282081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7832998037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.7465267777442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142031617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105437","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","level":4,"score":0.6083168983459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507880516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257510","display_name":"Digital radio","level":2,"score":0.507729172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5003509521484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4801187515258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180664797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437028","display_name":"Radio repeater","level":5,"score":0.47296327352523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101541887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1555675","display_name":"Remote radio head","level":4,"score":0.4542071223258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41359880566596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.394240140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36192792654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34102120995521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33936500549316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.26612889766693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13112953305244446}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4481354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44116958","https://openalex.org/W2029427582","https://openalex.org/W2055420975","https://openalex.org/W2061405966","https://openalex.org/W2068251176","https://openalex.org/W2084471278","https://openalex.org/W2107085360","https://openalex.org/W2116042381","https://openalex.org/W2127392716","https://openalex.org/W2163630970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232926522","https://openalex.org/W2123462806","https://openalex.org/W1030602857","https://openalex.org/W1739175551","https://openalex.org/W3006089157","https://openalex.org/W2069210731","https://openalex.org/W1918198219","https://openalex.org/W2390865497","https://openalex.org/W630585091","https://openalex.org/W2109365504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100],"number":[1],"of":[2,20,88,125],"different":[3,30,49],"radio":[4,50,110,132],"systems":[5,51],"is":[6,104],"currently":[7],"increasing":[8],"in":[9],"portable":[10],"devices":[11],"like":[12],"mobile":[13],"phones":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,29,47,65],"the":[17,42,54,89,105,120,123],"wider":[18],"range":[19],"applications":[21],"that":[22],"require":[23],"an":[24],"optimized":[25],"wireless":[26],"communications":[27],"channel":[28],"services":[31],"or":[32],"other":[33,131],"devices.":[34],"To":[35],"make":[36],"this":[37,126],"cost":[38,57],"and":[39,56,71,86,122,137],"power":[40,84],"efficient,":[41],"transmitter":[43,74],"must":[44],"be":[45],"adaptable":[46],"several":[48],"while":[52],"keeping":[53],"complexity":[55,73],"reasonable.":[58],"This":[59],"article":[60],"presents":[61],"fundamental":[62],"circuit":[63,98],"techniques":[64],"enable":[66],"low":[67,69,72],"cost,":[68],"power,":[70],"architecture":[75,103,127],"by":[76],"combining":[77],"digital-to-analog":[78],"conversion,":[79],"up-conversion,":[80],"unwanted":[81],"sideband":[82],"rejection,":[83],"control,":[85],"part":[87],"digital":[90],"image":[91],"rejection":[92],"filtering":[93],"into":[94],"a":[95,108],"single":[96],"mixed-signal":[97],"block.":[99],"direct-digital":[101],"RF-modulator":[102],"basis":[106],"for":[107,130],"software-defined":[109],"transmitter.":[111],"It":[112],"was":[113],"demonstrated":[114],"against":[115],"WCDMA":[116],"system":[117],"requirements,":[118],"but":[119],"versatility":[121],"performance":[124],"enables":[128],"support":[129],"systems,":[133],"such":[134],"as":[135],"GPRS":[136],"WLAN.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}