{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150764210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","title":"An introduction to the multi-user MIMO downlink","display_name":"An introduction to the multi-user MIMO downlink","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150764210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","mag":"2150764210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087714153","display_name":"Q.H. Spencer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127824","display_name":"Electrical Distribution Design (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgkwp62","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127824"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q.H. Spencer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distribution Control Systems, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distribution Control Systems, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041855864","display_name":"C.B. Peel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.B. Peel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027055000","display_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.L. Swindlehurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004533757","display_name":"Martin Haardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-975X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Haardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":855,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99802561,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"10","first_page":"60","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.8644722700119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8180526494979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-user-mimo","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","score":0.8154597282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6850670576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.5988168120384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5834360718727112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5318197011947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.48769769072532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.46085992455482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.44388455152511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.43933573365211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo-ofdm","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","score":0.41055387258529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4017128050327301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.12541818618774414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.8644722700119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8180526494979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.8154597282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6850670576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.5988168120384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5834360718727112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5318197011947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.48769769072532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.46085992455482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.44388455152511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.43933573365211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130946814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5988271","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","level":4,"score":0.41055387258529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4017128050327301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.12541818618774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2004.1341262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538293237","https://openalex.org/W1976109068","https://openalex.org/W2097578209","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2140538627","https://openalex.org/W2142134616","https://openalex.org/W2143664144","https://openalex.org/W2151795416","https://openalex.org/W2157627714","https://openalex.org/W2161473225","https://openalex.org/W2165943096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761879201","https://openalex.org/W4200145345","https://openalex.org/W2556017705","https://openalex.org/W2125053132","https://openalex.org/W1561113522","https://openalex.org/W2182661536","https://openalex.org/W4289450962","https://openalex.org/W1987031311","https://openalex.org/W2955108753","https://openalex.org/W2738743879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple-input":[0],"multiple-output":[1],"(MIMO)":[2],"communication":[3],"techniques":[4],"have":[5,74,101],"been":[6,102],"an":[7,68],"important":[8,69],"area":[9],"of":[10,17,60,89,113,125,153],"focus":[11],"for":[12,20,144],"next-generation":[13],"wireless":[14,32],"systems":[15,38,63,73],"because":[16],"their":[18],"potential":[19,76],"high":[21,80],"capacity,":[22],"increased":[23],"diversity,":[24],"and":[25,34],"interference":[26,137],"suppression.":[27],"For":[28],"applications":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,67],"LANs":[33],"cellular":[35],"telephony,":[36],"MIMO":[37,62,84,157],"will":[39],"likely":[40],"be":[41],"deployed":[42],"in":[43,107,155],"environments":[44],"where":[45],"a":[46,56,118,138],"single":[47],"base":[48],"must":[49],"communicate":[50],"with":[51,83,86,104,122],"many":[52],"users":[53],"simultaneously.":[54],"As":[55],"result,":[57],"the":[58,75,79,87,136],"study":[59],"multi-user":[61,156],"has":[64],"emerged":[65],"recently":[66],"research":[70,154],"topic.":[71],"Such":[72],"to":[77,134],"combine":[78],"capacity":[81],"achievable":[82],"processing":[85,120],"benefits":[88],"space-division":[90],"multiple":[91],"access.":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94,105],"article":[95],"we":[96],"review":[97],"several":[98],"algorithms":[99],"that":[100],"proposed":[103],"goal":[106],"mind.":[108],"We":[109,147],"describe":[110],"two":[111],"classes":[112],"solutions.":[114],"The":[115,128],"first":[116],"uses":[117,130],"signal":[119],"approach":[121],"various":[123],"types":[124],"transmitter":[126],"beamforming.":[127],"second":[129],"\"dirty":[131],"paper\"":[132],"coding":[133],"overcome":[135],"user":[139],"sees":[140],"from":[141],"signals":[142],"intended":[143],"other":[145],"users.":[146],"conclude":[148],"by":[149],"describing":[150],"future":[151],"areas":[152],"communications.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":58}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
