{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312812339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.005.2200162","title":"Metasurface Manipulation Attacks: Potential Security Threats of RIS-Aided 6G Communications","display_name":"Metasurface Manipulation Attacks: Potential Security Threats of RIS-Aided 6G Communications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312812339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.005.2200162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.005.2200162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.005.2200162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022464980","display_name":"Hakan Alakoca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6401-2348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hakan Alakoca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University,Turkey","Istanbul Technical University, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026189378","display_name":"Mustafa Namdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3522-4608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018710136","display_name":"Dumlupinar University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jtrja12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Namdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kutahya Dumlupinar University,Turkey","Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kutahya Dumlupinar University,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018421708","display_name":"Sultan Ald\u0131rmaz-\u00c7olak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7154-0723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51826884","display_name":"Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/0411seq30","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51826884"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Aldirmaz-Colak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kocaeli University,Turkey","Kocaeli University, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kocaeli University,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51826884"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kocaeli University, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51826884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101191817","display_name":"Mehmet Ba\u015faran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Basaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kartal R&#x0026;D Center, Siemens San. Tic.,Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kartal R&#x0026;D Center, Siemens San. Tic.,Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081367583","display_name":"Arif Ba\u015fg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-3220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arif Basgumus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bursa Uludag University,Turkey","Bursa Uludag University, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bursa Uludag University,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bursa Uludag University, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043960937","display_name":"L\u00fctfiye Durak-Ata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4368-2967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutfiye Durak-Ata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University,Turkey","Istanbul Technical University, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University,Canada","Carleton University, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022464980"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92641282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.9601330757141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.750938892364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7316780090332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6984646320343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5896658301353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.5397925972938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5284799337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48139500617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33138298988342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30716946721076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.13779091835021973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.9601330757141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.750938892364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7316780090332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6984646320343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5896658301353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.5397925972938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5284799337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48139500617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33138298988342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30716946721076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.13779091835021973}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.005.2200162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.005.2200162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:b256754f-9fa6-4701-919c-41a82fabf248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/b256754f-9fa6-4701-919c-41a82fabf248/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055210","display_name":"Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:polen.itu.edu.tr:11527/63209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11527/63209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400460","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","host_organization_name":"Istanbul Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035437586","https://openalex.org/W3087789612","https://openalex.org/W3089319020","https://openalex.org/W3123289514","https://openalex.org/W3134459480","https://openalex.org/W3138878405","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3188430173","https://openalex.org/W3195542062","https://openalex.org/W3197291480","https://openalex.org/W3216379160","https://openalex.org/W4221160263","https://openalex.org/W4285170691","https://openalex.org/W4285217437","https://openalex.org/W4292826030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765236478","https://openalex.org/W3026705917","https://openalex.org/W2516026999","https://openalex.org/W2155410265","https://openalex.org/W3166880716","https://openalex.org/W3121990887","https://openalex.org/W2959329152","https://openalex.org/W2769689807","https://openalex.org/W2904430835","https://openalex.org/W4360996312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"physical":[1],"layer":[2],"security":[3,59],"(PLS)":[4],"of":[5,33,42,89,94,136,143,154],"reconfigurable":[6],"intelligent":[7],"surfaces":[8],"(RIS)":[9],"is":[10,157],"critical":[11],"for":[12,77],"providing":[13],"secure":[14],"and":[15,56,96,106],"reliable":[16],"communications":[17],"in":[18,39,51,61,133,148,163],"sixth":[19],"generation":[20],"(6G)":[21],"wireless":[22],"systems.":[23],"This":[24],"article":[25],"contributes":[26],"to":[27,159],"a":[28],"debate":[29],"on":[30,47,73,125],"many":[31],"aspects":[32],"unique":[34],"vulnerabilities":[35],"that":[36,117],"can":[37],"arise":[38],"the":[40,85,92,134,141,149,152],"PLS":[41,65,115],"RIS":[43],"with":[44,123],"malicious":[45,78,126],"attacks":[46,69,116],"signal":[48],"processing":[49],"(SP)":[50],"6G":[52],"networks.":[53],"We":[54,128],"address":[55],"categorize":[57],"future":[58],"threats":[60],"RIS-aided":[62],"networks":[63],"considering":[64,91],"aspects.":[66],"Metasurface":[67],"manipulation":[68,142],"(MSMA)":[70],"are":[71,112],"based":[72],"manipulating":[74,119],"metasurface":[75],"behavior":[76],"purposes.":[79],"In":[80,99],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"we":[83,101],"present":[84],"potential":[86,114],"hostile":[87,137],"activities":[88],"MSMA":[90,105,109,139],"impact":[93],"electromagnetic":[95],"time-frequency":[97],"deterioration.":[98],"addition,":[100],"evaluate":[102],"various":[103],"interference-based":[104,138],"eavesdropping":[107,165],"booster-based":[108],"(EaB-MSMA),":[110],"which":[111],"novel":[113],"involve":[118],"phase":[120],"shifting":[121],"activity":[122],"SP":[124],"RIS.":[127,146],"also":[129],"compare":[130],"performance":[131],"degradation":[132],"presence":[135],"through":[140],"maliciously":[144],"configured":[145],"Additionally,":[147],"EaB-MSMA":[150],"case,":[151],"loss":[153],"secrecy":[155],"capacity":[156],"shown":[158],"be":[160],"considerably":[161],"greater":[162],"passive":[164],"scenarios.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
