{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411600218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.003.2400695","title":"An LLM-Based Self-Evolving Security Framework for 6G Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","display_name":"An LLM-Based Self-Evolving Security Framework for 6G Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411600218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.003.2400695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.003.2400695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.003.2400695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110958834","display_name":"Qi Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinye Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinye Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020360628","display_name":"Guoshun Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-2736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoshun Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101953190","display_name":"Sihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021430168","display_name":"Renjun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0709-6292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rushan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374892","display_name":"Su Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Research Institute,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Research Institute,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112914837","display_name":"Haitao Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Research Institute,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Research Institute,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018587643","display_name":"Qimei Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-220X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qimei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051830544","display_name":"Pengxuan Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166206","display_name":"Medical Technologies (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rgwjj62","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166206"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengxuan Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Terminus Technologies Co., Ltd.,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Terminus Technologies Co., Ltd.,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166206"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624765","display_name":"Xiaofeng Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-1622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030858163","display_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Q.S. Quek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110958834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2226,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7902272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"10","first_page":"110","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.838383674621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3473758101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3305625915527344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.838383674621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3473758101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3305625915527344}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.003.2400695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.003.2400695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G202601664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G639697520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2902200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4385190298","https://openalex.org/W4387247654","https://openalex.org/W4402350363","https://openalex.org/W4403172155","https://openalex.org/W4404035578","https://openalex.org/W4404240613","https://openalex.org/W4409190069","https://openalex.org/W4409356354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"emerged":[1],"6G":[2],"space-air-ground":[3],"integrated":[4],"networks":[5],"(SAGINs),":[6],"which":[7,95],"integrate":[8],"satellites,":[9],"aerial":[10],"networks,":[11],"and":[12,27,62,102,112,123,171],"terrestrial":[13],"communications,":[14],"offer":[15],"ubiquitous":[16],"coverage":[17],"for":[18,87],"various":[19,59],"mobile":[20],"applications.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,77,130,158,164,180,213],"highly":[24,192],"dynamic,":[25],"open,":[26],"heterogeneous":[28],"nature":[29],"of":[30,40,97,182,202],"SAGINs":[31,41,88],"poses":[32],"severe":[33],"security":[34,73,85,126,194],"issues.":[35],"Forming":[36],"a":[37,83,138,200],"defense":[38,56],"line":[39],"suffers":[42],"from":[43],"two":[44,79,98],"preliminary":[45],"challenges:":[46],"accurately":[47],"understanding":[48],"massive":[49,118],"unstructured":[50,119],"multi-dimensional":[51,120],"threat":[52,121],"information":[53],"to":[54,65,69,116,142,148,210,212],"generate":[55,124],"strategies":[57,195],"against":[58,199],"malicious":[60],"attacks,":[61],"rapidly":[63],"adapting":[64],"potential":[66],"unknown":[67,150,203],"threats":[68,151],"yield":[70],"more":[71],"effective":[72],"strategies.":[74],"To":[75],"tackle":[76],"above":[78],"challenges,":[80],"we":[81,162],"propose":[82],"novel":[84,139],"framework":[86,166,190],"based":[89],"on":[90,137,176],"large":[91],"language":[92],"models":[93],"(LLMs),":[94],"consists":[96],"key":[99],"ingredients:":[100],"LLM-6GNG":[101,106],"6G-INST.":[103],"Our":[104,133],"proposed":[105,134,165],"leverages":[107],"refined":[108],"chain-of-thought":[109],"(CoT)":[110],"reasoning":[111],"dynamic":[113,153],"multi-agent":[114],"mechanisms":[115],"analyze":[117],"data":[122],"comprehensive":[125],"strategies,":[127],"thus":[128],"addressing":[129,157],"first":[131],"challenge.":[132,160],"6G-INST":[135],"relies":[136],"self-evolving":[140],"method":[141],"automatically":[143],"update":[144],"LLM-6GNG,":[145],"enabling":[146],"it":[147],"accommodate":[149],"under":[152],"communication":[154],"environments,":[155],"thereby":[156],"second":[159],"Additionally,":[161],"prototype":[163],"with":[167],"ns-3,":[168],"OpenAirInterface":[169],"(OAI),":[170],"software-defined":[172],"radio":[173],"(SDR).":[174],"Experiments":[175],"three":[177],"benchmarks":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"effectiveness":[181],"our":[183,189,208],"framework.":[184],"The":[185],"results":[186],"show":[187],"that":[188,196],"produces":[191],"accurate":[193],"remain":[197],"robust":[198],"variety":[201],"attacks.":[204],"We":[205],"will":[206],"release":[207],"code":[209],"contribute":[211],"community.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}