{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417002740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500380","title":"Dimensioning Local 6G Networks: Concept, Challenges and Solution Directions","display_name":"Dimensioning Local 6G Networks: Concept, Challenges and Solution Directions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417002740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500380"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081133028","display_name":"Arturo Basaure","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arturo Basaure","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063562055","display_name":"Marja Matinmikko\u2010Blue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-6344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marja Matinmikko-Blue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066628738","display_name":"Seppo Yrj\u00f6l\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-9700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seppo Yrj\u00f6l\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089868875","display_name":"Petri Ahokangas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-8473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63586086","display_name":"Oulu University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvp8k55","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63586086"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petri Ahokangas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oulu Business School, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oulu Business School, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63586086","https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066103153","display_name":"Risto Jurva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-0426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risto Jurva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032538223","display_name":"Arthur S. de Sena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-2697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Sousa de Sena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059219602","display_name":"Akihiro Nakao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-5287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihiro Nakao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035872239","display_name":"Matti Latva\u2010aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Latva-Aho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91285845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"164","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.38339999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.38339999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.16050000488758087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.1120000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-area-network","display_name":"Local area network","score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-network-operator","display_name":"Mobile network operator","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137471899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11381","display_name":"Local area network","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778898898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941618","display_name":"Mobile network operator","level":3,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89714869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280470","display_name":"Dimensioning","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2469647886","display_name":"6G Flagship - 6G-Enabled Wireless Smart Society & Ecosystem","funder_award_id":"369116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6500029142","display_name":"6G Bridge \u2014 Oulun Yliopisto (8002/31/2022)","funder_award_id":"8002/31/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2617619501","https://openalex.org/W3207668473","https://openalex.org/W3210367321","https://openalex.org/W4312006403","https://openalex.org/W4318484030","https://openalex.org/W4321488373","https://openalex.org/W4388361755","https://openalex.org/W4389722428","https://openalex.org/W4400811148","https://openalex.org/W4401361065","https://openalex.org/W4401693093"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Local":[0],"6G":[1,41,74,105,122,135,142],"networks":[2,18,42,106],"represent":[3],"a":[4,8,20,29,119],"paradigm":[5],"shift":[6],"from":[7],"small":[9],"number":[10,23],"of":[11,24,31,39,103],"nationwide":[12],"mobile":[13],"network":[14,26,75,123,136,143],"operator":[15],"(MNO)":[16],"driven":[17],"to":[19,117,138],"potentially":[21],"large":[22],"local":[25,40,73,92,104,120,134,141],"deployments":[27],"by":[28],"variety":[30],"stakeholders":[32],"for":[33,133],"different":[34],"purposes.":[35],"Yet,":[36],"the":[37,72,78,131,146],"concept":[38,76,137],"is":[43,115],"not":[44],"clearly":[45],"defined.":[46],"Its":[47],"realizations,":[48],"including":[49],"private":[50,56],"networks,":[51,61],"nonpublic":[52],"network,":[53],"public":[54],"and":[55,59,91,107],"neutral":[57],"hosts,":[58],"vertical":[60],"among":[62],"others,":[63],"are":[64],"often":[65],"used":[66],"interchangeably.":[67],"This":[68],"article":[69,96],"proposes":[70,108],"characterizing":[71],"through":[77],"following":[79],"key":[80,98],"dimensions:":[81],"spatial":[82],"domain,":[83],"temporal":[84],"scope,":[85],"intent-based":[86],"approach,":[87],"capabilities,":[88],"stakeholder":[89],"centricity,":[90],"spectrum":[93],"access.":[94],"The":[95],"identifies":[97],"challenges":[99],"towards":[100],"widespread":[101],"adoption":[102],"solution":[109],"directions.":[110],"A":[111],"concrete":[112],"case":[113],"example":[114],"provided":[116],"showcase":[118],"industrial":[121],"illustrating":[124],"our":[125],"proposed":[126],"approach.":[127],"Our":[128],"analysis":[129],"sets":[130],"scene":[132],"create":[139],"new":[140],"businesses":[144],"in":[145],"2030s.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}