{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124844757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500142","title":"When MoE Meets Blockchain: A Trustworthy Distributed Framework of Large Models","display_name":"When MoE Meets Blockchain: A Trustworthy Distributed Framework of Large Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124844757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500142"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123377178","display_name":"Weihao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123450830","display_name":"Long Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034649717","display_name":"Kang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-2153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123407706","display_name":"Zhen Mei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123389161","display_name":"Zhe Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123438104","display_name":"Jiaheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123412685","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.5919,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97921858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"4","first_page":"150","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4860999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4860999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.3330000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.024800000712275505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5997999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.3912000060081482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5997999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.519599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117468950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208074","display_name":"Network layer","level":3,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20277647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227234","display_name":"Data access layer","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1941223208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2023022,BE2023022-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2572561021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242025K30025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G341294311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371239,62471204,62501150,U22B2006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W3004277316","https://openalex.org/W4205373754","https://openalex.org/W4220967350","https://openalex.org/W4386396242","https://openalex.org/W4396817294","https://openalex.org/W4396817398","https://openalex.org/W4403182179","https://openalex.org/W4408325468","https://openalex.org/W4411329724"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1],"enabling":[2],"architecture":[3],"of":[4,9,34,41,52,65,107,114,125,145,159,210],"Large":[5],"Models":[6],"(LMs),":[7],"Mixture":[8],"Experts":[10],"(MoE)":[11],"has":[12],"become":[13],"prevalent":[14],"thanks":[15],"to":[16,29,68,96,132,141,187,202,226],"its":[17],"sparsely-gated":[18],"mechanism,":[19],"which":[20],"lowers":[21],"computational":[22,208],"overhead":[23],"while":[24,192],"maintaining":[25],"learning":[26,190],"performance":[27],"comparable":[28],"dense":[30],"LMs.":[31],"The":[32,217],"essence":[33],"MoE":[35,74,98,109,154,233],"lies":[36],"in":[37,49,116],"utilizing":[38],"a":[39,56,63,104,151,198],"group":[40],"neural":[42],"networks":[43],"(called":[44],"experts)":[45],"with":[46,55],"each":[47],"specializing":[48],"different":[50],"types":[51],"tasks,":[53,191],"along":[54],"trainable":[57],"gating":[58],"network":[59,201],"that":[60,157,221],"selectively":[61],"activates":[62],"subset":[64],"these":[66,91],"experts":[67,121,181,212],"handle":[69],"specific":[70],"tasks.":[71],"Traditional":[72],"cloud-based":[73],"encounters":[75],"challenges":[76],"such":[77,135],"as":[78,136,197],"prolonged":[79],"response":[80,140],"latency,":[81],"high":[82],"bandwidth":[83],"consumption,":[84],"and":[85,129,168,205,238],"data":[86,117,137,227],"privacy":[87],"leakage.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"issues,":[92],"researchers":[93],"have":[94],"proposed":[95],"deploy":[97],"over":[99],"distributed":[100,108,120,147,232],"edge":[101,163,176,215],"networks.":[102],"However,":[103],"key":[105],"concern":[106],"frameworks":[110],"is":[111,223],"the":[112,123,142,162,165,169,175,179,184,189,193,207,211,214,236],"lack":[113],"trust":[115],"interactions":[118],"among":[119],"without":[122],"surveillance":[124],"any":[126],"trusted":[127],"authority,":[128],"thereby":[130],"prone":[131],"potential":[133],"attacks":[134,229],"manipulation.":[138],"In":[139,172],"security":[143],"issues":[144],"traditional":[146,231],"MoE,":[148],"we":[149],"propose":[150],"blockchain-aided":[152],"trustworthy":[153,200],"(B-MoE)":[155],"framework":[156],"consists":[158],"three":[160],"layers:":[161],"layer,":[164,167],"blockchain":[166,194],"storage":[170,185],"layer.":[171,216],"this":[173],"framework,":[174],"layer":[177,186,195],"employs":[178],"activated":[180],"downloaded":[182],"from":[183,213],"process":[188],"functions":[196],"decentralized":[199],"trace,":[203],"verify,":[204],"record":[206],"results":[209,219],"experimental":[218],"demonstrate":[220],"B-MoE":[222],"more":[224],"robust":[225],"manipulation":[228],"than":[230],"during":[234],"both":[235],"training":[237],"inference":[239],"processes.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-16T07:02:28.622633","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}
