{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417248839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500098","title":"Underwater Multi-Wavelength Optical Links with Blue Targets and Constraints: Opportunities and Challenges","display_name":"Underwater Multi-Wavelength Optical Links with Blue Targets and Constraints: Opportunities and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417248839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500098"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067274963","display_name":"Alain R. Ndjiongue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-6164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain R. Ndjiongue","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand,South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007557286","display_name":"Hyundong Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3364-8084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyundong Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyung Hee University,South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyung Hee University,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106486675","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33189696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"188","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8924000263214111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8924000263214111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7508999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.7276999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless-communications","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-performance-monitoring","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.42640000581741333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7508999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.7276999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6965000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107021485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18385577","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","level":4,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477284","display_name":"Amplitude-shift keying","level":5,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170030856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136128","display_name":"On-off keying","level":5,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113608303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835","display_name":"Transmission system","level":3,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196129803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241448","display_name":"Optical cross-connect","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74645175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428083","display_name":"Symbol rate","level":4,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204827203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027795","display_name":"Passive optical network","level":4,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70979049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51831","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","level":5,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2500098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2500098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039583405","https://openalex.org/W2560573232","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2926386282","https://openalex.org/W3212225542","https://openalex.org/W3215846614","https://openalex.org/W4245531663","https://openalex.org/W4379184297","https://openalex.org/W4389633753","https://openalex.org/W4392153328","https://openalex.org/W4403094993","https://openalex.org/W4403095018"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"optical":[1,35,43,70,92],"wireless":[2],"technologies":[3],"offer":[4],"multiple":[5],"advantages":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,32,47,102,112,140,143,153],"acoustic":[9],"technology.":[10],"Acoustic":[11],"signals,":[12],"for":[13,90,101],"instance,":[14],"are":[15],"susceptible":[16],"to":[17,23,59,67,99,118,124],"noise":[18],"from":[19],"marine":[20,24,125],"sources":[21,98],"due":[22],"life":[25],"and":[26,39,50,77,87,105,122,149],"human":[27],"activities.":[28],"This":[29,45],"is":[30,65],"not":[31],"case":[33],"with":[34,72],"signals.":[36,44],"However,":[37],"absorption":[38],"scattering":[40],"significantly":[41],"attenuate":[42],"limits":[46],"communication":[48],"range":[49,151],"requires":[51],"higher":[52,74],"transmission":[53,75,103,150],"power":[54],"or":[55],"more":[56],"sensitive":[57],"receivers":[58],"detect":[60],"transmitted":[61],"light.":[62],"Therefore,":[63],"it":[64],"necessary":[66],"design":[68],"underwater":[69,133],"systems":[71],"a":[73,85],"rate":[76],"reduced":[78],"attenuation.":[79],"To":[80],"this":[81],"end,":[82],"we":[83,110],"introduce":[84],"foundational":[86],"theoretical":[88],"framework":[89],"designing":[91],"signaling":[93],"constellations":[94],"employing":[95],"multi-wavelength":[96],"light":[97,121],"account":[100],"distance":[104],"achievable":[106,147],"rate.":[107],"In":[108],"particular,":[109],"redefine":[111],"color-shift":[113],"keying":[114],"(CSK)":[115],"constraint":[116],"region":[117],"target":[119],"blue":[120],"adapt":[123],"environments.":[126],"We":[127],"discuss":[128],"an":[129],"example":[130],"of":[131,152],"4-point":[132],"CSK.":[134],"The":[135],"corresponding":[136],"analytical":[137],"results":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"trade-offs":[141],"between":[142],"symbol":[144],"error":[145],"probability,":[146],"rate,":[148],"proposed":[154],"scheme.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
