{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410854215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2400484","title":"Federated Learning in NTN: Design, Architecture, and Challenges","display_name":"Federated Learning in NTN: Design, Architecture, and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410854215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2400484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2400484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2400484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018500875","display_name":"Amin Farajzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-3309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Farajzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089921084","display_name":"Animesh Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-4566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106879","display_name":"Ohio University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jr3y717","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Animesh Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88254227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"6","first_page":"26","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9534000158309937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8313881158828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6930856108665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4473433494567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3509542942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.33380261063575745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8313881158828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6930856108665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4473433494567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3509542942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33380261063575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2400484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2400484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3156195074","https://openalex.org/W3162862084","https://openalex.org/W4289824408","https://openalex.org/W4318147387","https://openalex.org/W4321636815","https://openalex.org/W4381198751","https://openalex.org/W4385820027","https://openalex.org/W4387169722","https://openalex.org/W4387883786","https://openalex.org/W4391768369","https://openalex.org/W4391892499","https://openalex.org/W4400810558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-terrestrial":[0],"networks":[1],"(NTN)":[2],"are":[3],"emerging":[4],"as":[5,45,76,145],"a":[6,26,38,156,183],"core":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,104,125,186],"future":[10,195],"6G":[11],"communication":[12],"systems,":[13],"providing":[14],"global":[15,81],"connectivity":[16,130],"and":[17,58,71,116,134,137,175,190,194],"supporting":[18],"data-intensive":[19],"applications.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"article,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"distributed":[27,47],"hierarchical":[28],"federated":[29],"learning":[30],"(HFL)":[31],"framework":[32,51,94],"within":[33],"the":[34,62,102,105,110,138,152,164],"NTN":[35,153,189],"architecture,":[36],"leveraging":[37,109],"high":[39],"altitude":[40],"platform":[41],"station":[42],"(HAPS)":[43],"constellation":[44],"intermediate":[46],"FL":[48,63,80,106,126,142,187],"servers.":[49],"Our":[50],"integrates":[52],"both":[53],"low-Earth":[54],"orbit":[55,69,73],"(LEO)":[56],"satellites":[57,75],"ground":[59],"clients":[60],"in":[61,188],"training":[64,118,173],"process":[65],"while":[66,120],"utilizing":[67,132],"geostationary":[68],"(GEO)":[70],"medium-Earth":[72],"(MEO)":[74],"relays":[77],"to":[78,140,149],"exchange":[79],"models":[82],"across":[83],"other":[84],"HAPS":[85,111],"constellations":[86],"worldwide,":[87],"enabling":[88],"seamless,":[89],"global-scale":[90],"learning.":[91],"The":[92,179],"proposed":[93,165],"offers":[95],"several":[96],"key":[97,192],"benefits:":[98],"enhanced":[99],"privacy":[100],"through":[101,128],"decentralization":[103],"mechanism":[107],"by":[108,131],"constellation,":[112],"improved":[113,169],"model":[114,170],"accuracy":[115],"reduced":[117,172],"loss":[119],"balancing":[121],"latency,":[122],"increased":[123],"scalability":[124],"systems":[127],"ubiquitous":[129],"MEO":[133],"GEO":[135],"satellites,":[136],"ability":[139],"use":[141],"data,":[143],"such":[144],"resource":[146],"utilization":[147],"metrics,":[148],"further":[150],"optimize":[151],"architecture":[154],"from":[155],"network":[157],"management":[158],"perspective.":[159],"A":[160],"numerical":[161],"study":[162],"demonstrates":[163],"framework's":[166],"effectiveness,":[167],"with":[168],"accuracy,":[171],"loss,":[174],"efficient":[176],"latency":[177],"management.":[178],"article":[180],"also":[181],"includes":[182],"brief":[184],"review":[185],"highlights":[191],"challenges":[193],"research":[196],"directions.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}