{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283024491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2100841","title":"Is LEO-Based Positioning with Mega-Constellations the Answer for Future Equal Access Localization?","display_name":"Is LEO-Based Positioning with Mega-Constellations the Answer for Future Equal Access Localization?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283024491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2100841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2100841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2100841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052491","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058638938","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Morales Ferr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Morales Ferre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Finland","Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063382658","display_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Finland","Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062251141","display_name":"Heidi Kuusniemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-9531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heidi Kuusniemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vaasa,Finland","University of Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vaasa,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069103777","display_name":"Jaan Praks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-3569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaan Praks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University,Finland","Aalto University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065743311","display_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333622710","display_name":"Geological Survey of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/03vjnqy43","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710","https://openalex.org/I4210089493"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["FGI of the National Land Survey,Finland","FGI of the National Land Survey, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FGI of the National Land Survey,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FGI of the National Land Survey, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014181276","display_name":"Christina Pinell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333622710","display_name":"Geological Survey of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/03vjnqy43","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710","https://openalex.org/I4210089493"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Pinell","raw_affiliation_strings":["FGI of the National Land Survey,Finland","FGI of the National Land Survey, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FGI of the National Land Survey,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FGI of the National Land Survey, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066732719","display_name":"Mahmoud Elsanhoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Elsanhoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vaasa,Finland","University of Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vaasa,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.4877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99295959,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"6","first_page":"40","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7857077121734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6071341633796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5693967342376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5347335338592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.4959131181240082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.46246713399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.43433335423469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3496602773666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.33763572573661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.149319589138031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7857077121734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6071341633796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5693967342376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5347335338592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.4959131181240082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.46246713399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.43433335423469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3496602773666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33763572573661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.149319589138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2100841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2100841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7052491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052491","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052491","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osuva.uwasa.fi:10024/14470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osuva.uwasa.fi/handle/10024/14470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400974","display_name":"Osuva (University of Vaasa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","host_organization_name":"University of Vaasa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WOS:000812531900007","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/222417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/222417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7052491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052491","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052491","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283024491.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094655360","https://openalex.org/W2810753555","https://openalex.org/W2889049333","https://openalex.org/W2938430142","https://openalex.org/W2945875572","https://openalex.org/W2963095619","https://openalex.org/W2980594903","https://openalex.org/W3046161115","https://openalex.org/W3129395957","https://openalex.org/W3160733561","https://openalex.org/W3165573226","https://openalex.org/W3172553205","https://openalex.org/W3181930796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W4225291832","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W2377622301","https://openalex.org/W4207072648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Capital":[0],"expenditures":[1],"and":[2,27,49,72,112,125,154,160,190,193,260],"indoor":[3],"challenges":[4,261,288],"are":[5,64,123,128,145,236,289],"two":[6],"of":[7,188,231,248,262,268,278],"the":[8,151,164,168,173,186,195,228,232,256],"main":[9,165],"obstacles":[10],"toward":[11],"equal":[12,76,250,283],"access":[13,89,251,284],"positioning":[14,197,224],"services":[15],"worldwide.":[16],"Global":[17],"Navigation":[18],"Satellite":[19],"Systems":[20],"(GNSS)":[21],"do":[22,73],"not":[23,74,216],"function":[24],"well":[25],"indoors":[26],"in":[28,42,80,84,95,150,240],"some":[29,81],"challenging":[30],"outdoor":[31],"scenarios,":[32],"such":[33,103],"as":[34,104,203,266],"dense":[35],"forest":[36],"canopies":[37],"or":[38,94,222],"hilly":[39],"terrains":[40],"rich":[41],"vegetation":[43],"due,":[44],"for":[45,78,282],"example,":[46],"to":[47,59,67,91,98,131,147,167,213,291],"multipaths":[48],"low":[50,118],"carrier-to-noise":[51],"ratios.":[52],"Terrestrial":[53],"solutions":[54,136],"nowadays":[55],"can":[56],"be":[57,148,200,292],"used":[58,265],"complement":[60,141],"GNSS,":[61],"but":[62],"they":[63,155],"typically":[65],"costly":[66],"deploy":[68],"with":[69,100,109,163],"high":[70],"coverage":[71],"offer":[75,157],"access,":[77],"example":[79],"low-revenue":[82],"countries,":[83],"regions":[85],"forbidding":[86],"wireless":[87,182],"5G":[88],"due":[90],"health":[92],"concerns,":[93],"areas":[96,108],"hard":[97],"reach":[99],"terrestrial":[101,189],"infrastructure,":[102,162,192],"deep":[105,113],"jungle,":[106],"desert":[107],"sandy":[110],"dunes,":[111],"valleys/deep":[114],"canyons.":[115],"As":[116],"many":[117],"Earth":[119,132,214],"orbit":[120],"(LEO)":[121],"mega-constellations":[122],"emerging":[124],"their":[126],"satellites":[127],"significantly":[129],"closer":[130,211],"than":[133,238],"GNSS":[134],"satellites,":[135],"based":[137],"on":[138,206],"LEO":[139,234,263,280],"could":[140,199],"GNSS.":[142,241],"LEO-based":[143,196,249],"communications":[144],"expected":[146],"widespread":[149],"next":[152],"decade,":[153],"will":[156,184],"a":[158,245],"global":[159],"easy-to-access":[161],"costs":[166],"end":[169],"user":[170],"coming":[171],"from":[172],"receiver":[174],"equipment.":[175],"It":[176],"is":[177,274],"our":[178],"assumption":[179],"that":[180,272],"future":[181,208,279],"receivers":[183],"support":[185],"integration":[187],"satellite":[191],"thus,":[194],"tasks":[198],"mainly":[201],"implemented":[202],"software":[204],"add-ons":[205],"existing":[207],"receivers.":[209],"Nevertheless,":[210],"proximity":[212],"does":[215],"automatically":[217],"mean":[218],"stronger":[219],"received":[220],"signals":[221,235,267],"acceptable":[223],"accuracy,":[225],"especially":[226],"when":[227],"carrier":[229],"frequencies":[230],"new":[233],"higher":[237],"those":[239],"Here,":[242],"we":[243],"present":[244],"feasibility":[246],"study":[247],"localization":[252],"by":[253],"looking":[254],"at":[255],"current":[257],"opportunities,":[258],"benefits,":[259],"megaconstellations":[264,281],"opportunities.":[269],"We":[270],"show":[271],"there":[273],"an":[275],"unharnessed":[276],"potential":[277],"localization,":[285],"although":[286],"several":[287],"still":[290],"overcome.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
