{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3178081691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G Systems: Principles, Applications, and Research Directions","display_name":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G Systems: Principles, Applications, and Research Directions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3178081691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","mag":"3178081691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/25946/1/FullText.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075696071","display_name":"Cunhua Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-7958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cunhua Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, England","QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113433956","display_name":"Hong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}],"countries":["BD","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, England","SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022523766","display_name":"Kezhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-0800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kezhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northumbria University, England","Northumbria University [Newcastle] (Newcastle City Campus, 2 Ellison Pl, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northumbria University, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northumbria University [Newcastle] (Newcastle City Campus, 2 Ellison Pl, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001894305","display_name":"Jonas Florentin Kolb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Florentin Kolb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, England","QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015335741","display_name":"Maged Elkashlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-0160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maged Elkashlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, England","QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423242","display_name":"Ming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["BD","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, England","SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081612175","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097418","display_name":"Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/00skw9v43","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univetsit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, France","Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay (B\u00e2timent Br\u00e9guet, 3 Rue Joliot Curie 2e \u00e9t, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette - France)","L2S - Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes (Plateau de Moulon 3 rue Joliot Curie 91192 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)","CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univetsit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay (B\u00e2timent Br\u00e9guet, 3 Rue Joliot Curie 2e \u00e9t, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L2S - Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes (Plateau de Moulon 3 rue Joliot Curie 91192 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111385619","display_name":"Yang Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, England","QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QMUL - Queen Mary University of London (Mile End Road, London E1 4NS - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002143","display_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kent, England","University of Kent - Institute of Mathematics (Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, U.K. - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent - Institute of Mathematics (Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, U.K. - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027055000","display_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Irvine, USA","UC Irvine - University of California [Irvine] (Irvine, CA 92697 - United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Irvine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Irvine - University of California [Irvine] (Irvine, CA 92697 - United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072916702","display_name":"Xiaohu You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["BD","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, England","SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Southeast University = Dongnan Daxue (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096 - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, England","University of Southampton (University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ - United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton (University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ - United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075696071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":68.9964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":935,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99989111,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"6","first_page":"14","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9524000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7884746789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.7154507637023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.44661611318588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.42344218492507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3870328962802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3386409878730774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7884746789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.7154507637023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.44661611318588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.42344218492507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3870328962802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3386409878730774}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2001076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:448899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/25946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/25946","pdf_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/25946/1/FullText.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03357934v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03357934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine, 2021, ⟨10.1109/MCOM.001.2001076⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0435g8m0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0435g8m0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/76898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/76898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/25946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/25946","pdf_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/25946/1/FullText.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2736939222","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P016421/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4243695369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G460805367","display_name":"SOFTWARE DEFINED MATERIALS FOR DYNAMIC CONTROL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (ANIMATE)","funder_award_id":"EP/R035393/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5514339371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"789028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5997095669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R035393/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6479241366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S010009/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7099301949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I009019/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8079482511","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I034548/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178081691.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178081691.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082432933","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2964076076","https://openalex.org/W2968389137","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2973110004","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3001977108","https://openalex.org/W3006962285","https://openalex.org/W3008435545","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3028703596","https://openalex.org/W3038283497","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3059813204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310772596","https://openalex.org/W4242411193","https://openalex.org/W2005252255","https://openalex.org/W2138264352","https://openalex.org/W3049521731","https://openalex.org/W2392364538","https://openalex.org/W2118861875","https://openalex.org/W2115083410","https://openalex.org/W2912449881","https://openalex.org/W2165638752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1,5],"surfaces":[2,7],"(RISs)":[3],"or":[4,25],"reflecting":[6,54],"(IRSs)":[8],"are":[9,33,79,84,98],"regarded":[10],"as":[11],"one":[12],"of":[13,28,35,47,51],"the":[14,22,37,44,85],"most":[15],"promising":[16,95],"and":[17,88],"revolutionizing":[18],"techniques":[19],"for":[20],"enhancing":[21],"spectrum":[23],"and/":[24],"energy":[26],"efficiency":[27],"wireless":[29,38],"systems.":[30],"These":[31],"devices":[32],"capable":[34],"reconfiguring":[36],"propagation":[39],"environment":[40],"by":[41],"carefully":[42],"tuning":[43],"phase":[45],"shifts":[46],"a":[48],"large":[49],"number":[50],"low-cost":[52],"passive":[53],"elements.":[55],"In":[56,92],"this":[57],"article,":[58],"we":[59,69],"aim":[60],"to":[61],"answer":[62],"four":[63],"fundmental":[64],"questions:":[65],"1)":[66],"Why":[67],"do":[68],"need":[70],"RISs?":[71],"2)":[72],"What":[73,78,83],"is":[74],"an":[75],"RIS?":[76],"3)":[77],"RIS's":[80],"applications?":[81],"4)":[82],"relevant":[86],"challenges":[87],"future":[89],"research":[90,96],"directions?":[91],"response,":[93],"eight":[94],"directions":[97],"pointed":[99],"out.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":228},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":234},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":212},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":199},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}