{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010409379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","title":"Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead","display_name":"Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010409379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","mag":"3010409379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.01991","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044988415","display_name":"Maurantonio Caprolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurantonio Caprolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065932621","display_name":"Roberto Di Pietro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1909-0336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Di Pietro","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090825552","display_name":"Simone Raponi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-546X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Raponi","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088679207","display_name":"Savio Sciancalepore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-3639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Savio Sciancalepore","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084927711","display_name":"Pietro Tedeschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3324-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301390666","display_name":"Qatar Airways (Qatar)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hx00y13","country_code":"QA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Tedeschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBKU-CSE-ICT, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301390666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University -Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1517,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98176201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"6","first_page":"90","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7887136936187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.714535653591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/look-ahead","display_name":"Look-ahead","score":0.43535804748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.35184329748153687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7887136936187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.714535653591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147297375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6674930","display_name":"Look-ahead","level":2,"score":0.43535804748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35184329748153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.01991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01991","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.01991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.01991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01991","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.01991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998430831","https://openalex.org/W2128683226","https://openalex.org/W2168079492","https://openalex.org/W2344898410","https://openalex.org/W2753820606","https://openalex.org/W2756503910","https://openalex.org/W2761110506","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2945504560","https://openalex.org/W2946767019","https://openalex.org/W3029114445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vessels":[0],"cybersecurity":[1,63],"is":[2,37,79],"gaining":[3],"momentum":[4],"as":[5,40],"a":[6,9,62,109,172,182],"result":[7],"of":[8,61,105,111,143],"few":[10,173,183],"recent":[11,18,43,84],"attacks":[12,19,107],"on":[13],"vessels":[14,56,92,195],"at":[15],"sea.":[16],"These":[17],"have":[20],"shocked":[21],"the":[22,47,59,74,83,86,100,122,138,144,176],"maritime":[23],"domain,":[24],"which":[25],"was":[26],"thought":[27],"to":[28,32,52,72,96,161,175,186,193],"be":[29,58,70,187],"relatively":[30],"immune":[31],"cyber":[33],"threats.":[34],"That":[35],"belief":[36],"now":[38],"over,":[39],"proved":[41],"by":[42,46,159,189],"mandates":[44],"issued":[45],"International":[48],"Maritime":[49],"Organization.":[50],"According":[51],"these":[53],"regulations,":[54],"all":[55],"should":[57,69],"subject":[60],"risk":[64],"analysis,":[65],"and":[66,88,120,128,140,153,165,191],"technical":[67],"controls":[68],"adopted":[71,131],"mitigate":[73],"resulting":[75],"risks.":[76],"This":[77],"initiative":[78],"laudable":[80],"since,":[81],"despite":[82],"incidents,":[85],"vulnerabilities":[87],"threats":[89],"affecting":[90,126],"modern":[91,133],"are":[93],"still":[94],"unclear":[95],"operating":[97],"entities,":[98],"leaving":[99],"potential":[101],"for":[102],"dreadful":[103],"consequences":[104],"further":[106],"just":[108],"matter":[110],"\"when,\"":[112],"not":[113],"\"if.\"":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"contribution,":[117],"we":[118,136,180],"investigate":[119],"systematize":[121],"major":[123],"security":[124,151],"weaknesses":[125],"systems":[127],"communication":[129],"technologies":[130],"in":[132],"vessels.":[134],"Specifically,":[135],"describe":[137],"architecture":[139],"main":[141,150],"features":[142],"different":[145],"systems,":[146],"pointing":[147],"out":[148],"their":[149],"issues,":[152],"specifying":[154],"how":[155],"they":[156],"were":[157],"exploited":[158],"attackers":[160],"cause":[162],"service":[163],"disruption":[164],"relevant":[166],"financial":[167],"losses.":[168],"We":[169],"also":[170],"identify":[171],"countermeasures":[174],"introduced":[177],"attacks.":[178],"Finally,":[179],"highlight":[181],"research":[184],"challenges":[185],"addressed":[188],"industry":[190],"academia":[192],"strengthen":[194],"security.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
