{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995191881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","title":"Unikernel Network Functions: A Journey Beyond the Containers","display_name":"Unikernel Network Functions: A Journey Beyond the Containers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995191881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","mag":"2995191881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050846371","display_name":"Tytus Kurek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3126-7915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tytus Kurek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050846371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85516533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"12","first_page":"15","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8583170771598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.7717418670654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6529611945152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-virtualization","display_name":"Network virtualization","score":0.5671707391738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.5281182527542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4840487837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34488242864608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.33864372968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32789480686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.21940529346466064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8583170771598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.7717418670654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6529611945152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779898492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Network virtualization","level":4,"score":0.5671707391738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5281182527542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4840487837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34488242864608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33864372968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32789480686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.21940529346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604665012","https://openalex.org/W2605378472","https://openalex.org/W2753365392","https://openalex.org/W2782581556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241166160","https://openalex.org/W2796290234","https://openalex.org/W2470663080","https://openalex.org/W2148749405","https://openalex.org/W2104105430","https://openalex.org/W1965252149","https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W1973516247","https://openalex.org/W1991063492","https://openalex.org/W2102844359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,18,25,42,64,77,89,95,110],"last":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"network":[5,47,74,81,92,118],"functions":[6,48,75,82,93,119],"virtualization":[7,49],"technology":[8],"has":[9],"matured":[10],"and":[11,59],"become":[12],"a":[13,52,67,105,131],"de":[14],"facto":[15],"standard":[16],"in":[17,35,94],"implementation":[19,90],"of":[20,37,44,54,66,86,91,97],"modern":[21],"telecommunications":[22],"infrastructure.":[23],"At":[24],"same":[26],"time,":[27],"telecommunication":[28],"service":[29],"providers":[30],"began":[31],"exploring":[32],"container":[33],"technologies":[34],"search":[36],"better":[38],"performance":[39,122],"results.":[40],"However,":[41],"use":[43,65,85],"containers":[45],"for":[46],"purposes":[50],"entails":[51],"number":[53],"limitations,":[55],"such":[56],"as":[57,76],"security":[58,134],"isolation":[60],"problems":[61],"resulting":[62],"from":[63],"shared":[68],"kernel.":[69],"This":[70],"article":[71],"introduces":[72],"unikernel":[73,117],"next":[78],"step":[79],"toward":[80],"softwarization.":[83],"The":[84],"unikernels":[87],"enables":[88],"form":[96],"lightweight":[98],"images":[99],"that":[100,116],"can":[101],"run":[102],"either":[103],"on":[104,109,127],"hypervisor":[106],"or":[107],"directly":[108],"hardware":[111],"layer.":[112],"It":[113],"is":[114],"shown":[115],"achieve":[120],"comparable":[121],"results":[123],"to":[124],"those":[125],"based":[126],"containers,":[128],"while":[129],"providing":[130],"significantly":[132],"higher":[133],"level.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}