{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3087463235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","title":"When Federated Learning Meets Blockchain: A New Distributed Learning Paradigm","display_name":"When Federated Learning Meets Blockchain: A New Distributed Learning Paradigm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3087463235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","mag":"3087463235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104797584","display_name":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine","issn_l":"1556-603X","issn":["1556-603X","1556-6048"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081768220","display_name":"Chuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-4544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691319","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080171254","display_name":"Long Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6124-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075722123","display_name":"Ming Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066110295","display_name":"Taotao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-4997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taotao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston, USA","Kyung Hee University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyung Hee University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.2103,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99515144,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"26","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8633401393890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.8324124813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7503286004066467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.5872222781181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.508103609085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.5032462477684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.4910399913787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sharing","display_name":"Data sharing","score":0.48106956481933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.45465540885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4194394052028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41730186343193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.41253501176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4043135941028595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1948845386505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18588554859161377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8633401393890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.8324124813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7503286004066467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.5872222781181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.508103609085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.5032462477684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.4910399913787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.48106956481933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45465540885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4194394052028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41730186343193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.41253501176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4043135941028595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1948845386505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18588554859161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mci.2022.3180932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104797584","display_name":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine","issn_l":"1556-603X","issn":["1556-603X","1556-6048"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1049029497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1697921795","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SWIFT: Nonlinear and Inseparable Radar And Data (NIRAD) Transmission Framework for Pareto Efficient Spectrum Access in Future Wireless Networks","funder_award_id":"2128368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2276391916","display_name":"\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u5f02\u6784\u8702\u7a9d\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u9762\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc1\u79fb\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3064392071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30919011274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4516130177","display_name":"EAGER:Collaborative Research: Blockchain Graphs as Testbeds of Power Grid Resiliece and Functionality Metrics","funder_award_id":"2039716","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5775854368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20210331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5975822635","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CNS Core: Medium:  Exploiting New Degrees-of-Freedom in Wireless Networks with Reprogrammable Intelligent Metagratings","funder_award_id":"2107216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2758001647","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2951832089","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2980440927","https://openalex.org/W2990700079","https://openalex.org/W3013124972","https://openalex.org/W3014790125","https://openalex.org/W3018464563","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3021909663","https://openalex.org/W3038910276","https://openalex.org/W3042070225","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3123346250","https://openalex.org/W3128515475","https://openalex.org/W4250997858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366307888","https://openalex.org/W4286971788","https://openalex.org/W3199340467","https://openalex.org/W3157608626","https://openalex.org/W3132132958","https://openalex.org/W4322580403","https://openalex.org/W3193217249","https://openalex.org/W4280591108","https://openalex.org/W4293499217","https://openalex.org/W4312762663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivated":[0],"by":[1,11,181],"the":[2,12,50,62,107,124,132,155,166],"increasingly":[3],"powerful":[4],"computing":[5],"capabilities":[6],"of":[7,88,134],"end-user":[8],"equipment,":[9],"and":[10,40,73,110,115,131,138,148,158,161,198,217],"growing":[13],"privacy":[14,59,216],"concerns":[15],"over":[16],"sharing":[17,54],"sensitive":[18],"raw":[19],"data,":[20],"a":[21,45,69,79,93,113,159,173],"distributed":[22],"machine":[23],"learning":[24,29,42,108,117],"paradigm":[25],"known":[26],"as":[27,222],"federated":[28],"(FL)":[30],"has":[31,49],"emerged.":[32],"By":[33],"training":[34,135],"models":[35,43,179],"locally":[36],"at":[37,44],"each":[38,145],"client":[39,175],"aggregating":[41],"central":[46,71],"server,":[47,72],"FL":[48,64,96,137],"capability":[51],"to":[52,184,191,203,212,224],"avoid":[53],"data":[55],"directly,":[56],"thereby":[57],"reducing":[58],"leakage.":[60],"However,":[61],"conventional":[63],"framework":[65,97,168],"relies":[66],"heavily":[67],"on":[68,206],"single":[70,86],"it":[74],"may":[75],"fail":[76],"if":[77],"such":[78],"server":[80],"behaves":[81],"maliciously.":[82],"To":[83,193],"address":[84,194],"this":[85,91,122],"point":[87],"failure,":[89],"in":[90,154,165],"work,":[92],"blockchain-assisted":[94],"decentralized":[95,130],"is":[98,128,169],"investigated,":[99],"which":[100],"can":[101,176],"prevent":[102],"malicious":[103],"clients":[104,183],"from":[105],"poisoning":[106],"process,":[109],"thus":[111],"provides":[112],"self-motivated":[114],"reliable":[116],"environment":[118],"for":[119,136,140],"clients.":[120,227],"In":[121,171],"framework,":[123,157],"model":[125],"aggregation":[126],"process":[127],"fully":[129],"tasks":[133],"mining":[139],"blockchain":[141],"are":[142,151,201],"integrated":[143],"into":[144],"participant.":[146],"Privacy":[147],"resource-allocation":[149],"issues":[150],"further":[152],"investigated":[153],"proposed":[156,167],"critical":[160],"unique":[162],"issue":[163],"inherent":[164],"disclosed.":[170],"particular,":[172],"lazy":[174,226],"simply":[177],"duplicate":[178],"shared":[180],"other":[182],"reap":[185],"benefits":[186],"without":[187],"contributing":[188],"its":[189],"resources":[190],"FL.":[192],"these":[195],"issues,":[196],"analytical":[197],"experimental":[199],"results":[200],"provided":[202],"shed":[204],"light":[205],"possible":[207],"solutions,":[208],"i.e.,":[209],"adding":[210],"noise":[211],"achieve":[213],"local":[214],"differential":[215],"using":[218],"pseudo-noise":[219],"(PN)":[220],"sequences":[221],"watermarks":[223],"detect":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
