{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416114016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569","title":"The Art of Digital Rendering","display_name":"The Art of Digital Rendering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416114016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006503656","display_name":"Loren Carpenter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-3384"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loren C. Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pixar Animation Studios, Emeryville, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pixar Animation Studios, Emeryville, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006503656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30866577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"112","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14002","display_name":"Art, Technology, and Culture","score":0.10689999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14002","display_name":"Art, Technology, and Culture","score":0.10689999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.039900001138448715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-art","display_name":"Digital art","score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magic","display_name":"MAGIC (telescope)","score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.32330000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7261000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6129000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519222250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860372","display_name":"Digital art","level":3,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777704519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45732","display_name":"MAGIC (telescope)","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109772839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297645","display_name":"Software rendering","level":4,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44185422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002064","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","level":3,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25493698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188610","display_name":"Desktop publishing","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155650255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259326","display_name":"Non-photorealistic rendering","level":5,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36816356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911860","display_name":"3D rendering","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116921373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2816483","display_name":"Real-time rendering","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206962327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164918","display_name":"Drawing board","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985708247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment industry","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512170562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3607569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306077","display_name":"Boeing","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004471745","https://openalex.org/W2049500169","https://openalex.org/W4224042329","https://openalex.org/W4403759101"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110],"process":[1],"of":[2,59,86,118,122,139,166],"digital":[3],"image":[4,29],"generation":[5],"has":[6],"evolved":[7],"significantly":[8],"since":[9],"the":[10,26,57,67,87,113,123,146],"late":[11],"1960s.":[12],"Driven":[13],"originally":[14],"by":[15],"visualizing":[16],"geometric":[17],"models":[18],"developed":[19],"for":[20,28],"computer-aided":[21],"design":[22],"and":[23,48,56,63,73,75,84,108,120,152,157,159],"flight":[24],"simulators,":[25],"search":[27],"quality":[30],"spans":[31],"fields":[32],"ranging":[33],"from":[34],"computer":[35,49],"animation":[36],"to":[37,40,42,66,91,103,163,171],"electronic":[38],"games":[39],"medicine":[41],"architecture.":[43],"My":[44],"involvement":[45],"with":[46,148],"rendering":[47],"graphics":[50],"started":[51],"in":[52,61,77,112],"1966":[53],"at":[54,70],"Boeing":[55],"University":[58],"Washington":[60],"Seattle":[62],"then":[64],"moved":[65],"movie":[68],"wizards":[69],"Industrial":[71],"Light":[72],"Magic":[74],"Pixar":[76],"1980.":[78],"This":[79],"interview":[80,99,114],"describes":[81],"my":[82,92,105,133],"career":[83,106],"much":[85],"background":[88],"that":[89,96,126],"led":[90,161],"achievements.":[93],"I":[94,150,169],"decided":[95],"a":[97,116,131,136,164],"directed":[98],"would":[100],"be":[101],"best":[102],"capture":[104],"accomplishments":[107],"memories.":[109],"details":[111],"cover":[115],"myriad":[117],"projects":[119],"many":[121],"other":[124],"technologies":[125],"inspired":[127],"me.":[128],"Taken":[129],"as":[130],"whole,":[132],"work":[134],"is":[135],"logical":[137],"progression":[138],"continual":[140],"improvement.":[141],"Perhaps":[142],"more":[143],"important":[144],"are":[145],"people":[147],"whom":[149],"consulted":[151],"collaborated.":[153],"They":[154],"provided":[155],"inspiration":[156],"guidance":[158],"have":[160],"me":[162],"lifetime":[165],"learning,":[167],"something":[168],"continue":[170],"this":[172],"day.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}