{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412196654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","title":"Do Language Model Agents Align With Humans in Rating Visualizations? An Empirical Study","display_name":"Do Language Model Agents Align With Humans in Rating Visualizations? An Empirical Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412196654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40633049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066496299","display_name":"Zekai Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2014-5293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zekai Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2014-5293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8026-0735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8026-0735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yixuan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4367-0121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4367-0121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuxuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0678-1674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0678-1674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079325744","display_name":"Junhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-5842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-5842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaolong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-4930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-4930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9035-0463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9035-0463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109616081","display_name":"Siming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-3588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-3588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22980589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"14","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9133999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8429489135742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.604317307472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.584489107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5832037925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5184123516082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5078664422035217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4822881519794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47326233983039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35224485397338867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8429489135742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.604317307472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.584489107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5832037925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5184123516082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5078664422035217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4822881519794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47326233983039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35224485397338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2025.3586461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40633049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40633049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE computer graphics and applications","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1227141104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2401233234","https://openalex.org/W2888029456","https://openalex.org/W3022406118","https://openalex.org/W3120241523","https://openalex.org/W4297462941","https://openalex.org/W4366547701","https://openalex.org/W4366549000","https://openalex.org/W4387965421","https://openalex.org/W4388429267","https://openalex.org/W4391661472","https://openalex.org/W4399492331","https://openalex.org/W4402402204","https://openalex.org/W4402474109","https://openalex.org/W4402581036","https://openalex.org/W4402581130","https://openalex.org/W4402627295","https://openalex.org/W4404916476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W2156434174","https://openalex.org/W2071701083","https://openalex.org/W2383687187","https://openalex.org/W2081517010","https://openalex.org/W4288274610","https://openalex.org/W2965821047","https://openalex.org/W3082518992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"show":[4],"potential":[5,98],"in":[6,39,53,95,124],"understanding":[7],"visualizations":[8],"and":[9,36,56,58,71,90,97,129,142],"may":[10,137],"capture":[11],"design":[12],"knowledge.":[13],"However,":[14],"their":[15],"ability":[16],"to":[17],"predict":[18],"human":[19,37,108],"feedback":[20],"remains":[21],"unclear.":[22],"To":[23],"explore":[24],"this,":[25],"we":[26],"conduct":[27],"three":[28],"studies":[29,68],"evaluating":[30],"the":[31,121],"alignment":[32,74],"between":[33],"LLM-based":[34,104],"agents":[35,70,105],"ratings":[38,109],"visualization":[40],"tasks.":[41],"The":[42,62,80],"first":[43],"study":[44,64,82,127],"replicates":[45],"a":[46],"human-subject":[47],"study,":[48],"showing":[49],"promising":[50],"agent":[51],"performance":[52],"human-like":[54],"reasoning":[55],"rating,":[57],"informing":[59],"further":[60],"experiments.":[61],"second":[63],"simulates":[65],"six":[66],"prior":[67],"using":[69],"finds":[72],"that":[73,103,135],"correlates":[75],"with":[76],"experts'":[77],"pre-experiment":[78],"confidence.":[79],"third":[81],"tests":[83],"enhancement":[84],"techniques,":[85],"such":[86],"as":[87,140],"input":[88],"preprocessing":[89],"knowledge":[91],"injection,":[92],"revealing":[93],"limitations":[94],"robustness":[96],"bias.":[99],"These":[100],"findings":[101],"suggest":[102],"can":[106],"simulate":[107],"when":[110],"guided":[111],"by":[112],"high-confidence":[113],"hypotheses":[114],"from":[115],"expert":[116],"evaluators.":[117],"We":[118,133],"also":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"usage":[122],"scenario":[123],"rapid":[125],"prototyping":[126],"designs":[128],"discuss":[130],"future":[131],"directions.":[132],"note":[134],"simulation":[136],"only":[138],"serve":[139],"complements":[141],"cannot":[143],"replace":[144],"user":[145],"studies.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}