{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146361081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","title":"Caricature Expression Extrapolation Based on Kendall Shape Space Theory","display_name":"Caricature Expression Extrapolation Based on Kendall Shape Space Theory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146361081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","mag":"3146361081","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33788684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389771","display_name":"Na Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Na Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-4155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456041","display_name":"Dan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-4837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20616075","display_name":"Qinghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03az1t892","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001355713","display_name":"Xudong Ru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051055172","display_name":"Haichuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-7533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024691662","display_name":"Xingce Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingce Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101833322","display_name":"Zhongke Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-6476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-6476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100389771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35757566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"71","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapolation","display_name":"Extrapolation","score":0.786320149898529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.765612006187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.7332030534744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6654285788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6344601511955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6048831343650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5759406685829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5474047660827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5036141276359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49525418877601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4695874750614166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.45410358905792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4246794581413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.42167484760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36932373046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.347320020198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2759552001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2368066906929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.09008586406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08761969208717346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.786320149898529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.765612006187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7332030534744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6654285788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6344601511955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6048831343650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5759406685829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5474047660827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5036141276359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49525418877601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4695874750614166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.45410358905792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4246794581413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.42167484760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36932373046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.347320020198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2759552001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2368066906929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.09008586406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08761969208717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2021.3069948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33788684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33788684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE computer graphics and applications","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3646873697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1002604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7527859138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1402105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7529168501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004068758","https://openalex.org/W2017107803","https://openalex.org/W2027425804","https://openalex.org/W2048903266","https://openalex.org/W2075759375","https://openalex.org/W2261888986","https://openalex.org/W2363342307","https://openalex.org/W2419474014","https://openalex.org/W2584229793","https://openalex.org/W2593367875","https://openalex.org/W2615243558","https://openalex.org/W2883861033","https://openalex.org/W2907767847","https://openalex.org/W2912459656","https://openalex.org/W2944655310","https://openalex.org/W2949662773","https://openalex.org/W2963288150","https://openalex.org/W2966963399","https://openalex.org/W2969222682","https://openalex.org/W2971241095","https://openalex.org/W3016485432","https://openalex.org/W3026885507","https://openalex.org/W3094954720","https://openalex.org/W3097989406","https://openalex.org/W3101531717","https://openalex.org/W3104792420","https://openalex.org/W3112598097","https://openalex.org/W3129086450","https://openalex.org/W3142374124","https://openalex.org/W4287552895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168645698","https://openalex.org/W2560420848","https://openalex.org/W2167211785","https://openalex.org/W2052829037","https://openalex.org/W4237321385","https://openalex.org/W4233216102","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W4390269781","https://openalex.org/W2810769215","https://openalex.org/W1996076863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,9,29,36,46,60,86,111,141],"editing":[2,30],"plays":[3],"a":[4,58,81,143],"fundamental":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,16,73,152,169,186],"facial":[8,28,65,150,184,198],"generation":[10],"and":[11,20,96,128,181,191,203,227],"has":[12,48],"been":[13,50],"widely":[14],"applied":[15],"modern":[17],"film":[18],"productions":[19],"computer":[21],"games.":[22],"While":[23],"the":[24,39,43,69,75,84,99,105,108,118,123,129,133,139,153,205,208,215,229],"existing":[25],"2-D":[26,109,125],"caricature":[27,64,110,126,134,234],"methods":[31],"are":[32],"mostly":[33],"realized":[34],"by":[35,117],"interpolation":[37],"from":[38,98,122],"original":[40,209],"image":[41,127],"to":[42,79,88,149],"target":[44],"image,":[45],"extrapolation":[47,61,112],"rarely":[49],"studied":[51],"before.":[52],"In":[53,193],"this":[54,157],"article,":[55],"we":[56,195],"propose":[57],"novel":[59],"method":[62,178],"for":[63,83],"expressions":[66,131,185,202],"based":[67,137,222],"on":[68,138,223],"Kendall":[70,100,154],"shape":[71,101,155],"space,":[72],"which":[74],"key":[76],"idea":[77],"is":[78,147,221],"introduce":[80],"representation":[82],"3-D":[85,119,144,158,197,233],"model":[87,120,145,159],"remove":[89],"rigid":[90],"transformations,":[91],"such":[92,165],"as":[93,166],"translation,":[94],"scaling,":[95],"rotation,":[97],"space.":[102,171],"Built":[103],"upon":[104],"proposed":[106],"representation,":[107],"process":[113],"can":[114,160,179],"be":[115,161],"controlled":[116],"reconstructed":[121],"input":[124],"exaggerated":[130],"of":[132,142,207,231],"images":[135],"generated":[136],"extrapolated":[140],"that":[146,176],"robust":[148],"poses":[151],"space;":[156],"calculated":[162],"with":[163,188,200,214],"tools":[164],"exponential":[167],"mapping":[168],"Riemannian":[170],"The":[172],"experimental":[173],"results":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"our":[177,219],"effectively":[180],"automatically":[182],"extrapolate":[183],"caricatures":[187],"high":[189],"consistency":[190],"fidelity.":[192],"addition,":[194],"derive":[196],"models":[199],"diverse":[201],"expand":[204],"scale":[206],"FaceWarehouse":[210],"database.":[211],"Furthermore,":[212],"compared":[213],"deep":[216],"learning":[217],"method,":[218],"approach":[220],"standard":[224],"face":[225],"datasets":[226],"avoids":[228],"construction":[230],"complicated":[232],"training":[235],"sets.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
