{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414463119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2025.3594520","title":"Physics-Based Cyberattacks Against Electric Power Grids and Alternating Current Equipment","display_name":"Physics-Based Cyberattacks Against Electric Power Grids and Alternating Current Equipment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414463119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2025.3594520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2025.3594520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2025.3594520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079125068","display_name":"Joseph Wei\u00df","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138374","display_name":"CAE Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038k3d331","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Control Solutions LLC, Cupertino, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Control Solutions LLC, Cupertino, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057042972","display_name":"James Bret Michael","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Bret Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073838166","display_name":"Michael T. Swearingen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael T. Swearingen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric cooperative power systems engineer, Clovis, NM, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric cooperative power systems engineer, Clovis, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079125068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138374"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34502239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"10","first_page":"157","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternating-current","display_name":"Alternating current","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-phase-electric-power","display_name":"Single-phase electric power","score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-transmission","display_name":"Power transmission","score":0.3228999972343445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779876028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124164","display_name":"Alternating current","level":3,"score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5852000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50825304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260295","display_name":"Single-phase electric power","level":4,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162175671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749263","display_name":"Electrical equipment","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172906477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887369","display_name":"AC adapter","level":4,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.265500009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2025.3594520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2025.3594520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390533478"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,13,19,27],"AURORA":[4],"vulnerability":[5],"in":[6],"electric":[7],"power":[8,20,28],"systems":[9,21],"and":[10,22],"mitigation":[11],"of":[12,18],"risk":[14],"to":[15,26],"proper":[16],"functioning":[17],"ac":[23],"equipment":[24],"connected":[25],"systems.":[29]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
