{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205125922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3102500","title":"From Calculations to Computations: A Look Back at the First Computer","display_name":"From Calculations to Computations: A Look Back at the First Computer","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205125922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3102500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3102500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3102500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063754454","display_name":"Joanna F. DeFranco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-5532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joanna F. DeFranco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063754454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43561592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":"82","last_page":"87"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.508899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.508899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tribute","display_name":"Tribute","score":0.8085252046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7519670128822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5877349376678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-computing","display_name":"History of computing","score":0.5343645811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3234111964702606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.17916026711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17387276887893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15728962421417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.10774919390678406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777038452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748289","display_name":"Tribute","level":2,"score":0.8085252046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519670128822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5877349376678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735691","display_name":"History of computing","level":2,"score":0.5343645811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3234111964702606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.17916026711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17387276887893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15728962421417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.10774919390678406}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3102500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3102500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2971294629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4241713070","https://openalex.org/W4307136485","https://openalex.org/W2349510093","https://openalex.org/W2103064161","https://openalex.org/W2389794700","https://openalex.org/W2404304393","https://openalex.org/W2381107421","https://openalex.org/W2356697086","https://openalex.org/W2319888843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"important":[2],"and":[3,23],"inspiring":[4],"to":[5,26],"understand":[6],"historical":[7],"innovations":[8,31],"as":[9,11],"well":[10],"the":[12,27,34],"motivation":[13],"behind":[14],"them.":[15],"This":[16],"article":[17],"will":[18],"take":[19],"a":[20],"look":[21],"back":[22],"pay":[24],"tribute":[25],"bicentennial":[28],"anniversary":[29],"of":[30],"that":[32],"inspired":[33],"modern":[35],"day":[36],"computer.":[37]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
