{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197106830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","title":"Toward Formal Methods for Smart Cities","display_name":"Toward Formal Methods for Smart Cities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197106830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","mag":"3197106830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007967134","display_name":"Meiyi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiyi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603760","display_name":"John A. Stankovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John A. Stankovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103024138","display_name":"Lu Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4651-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4651-8441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5538,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90515679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"9","first_page":"39","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8015049695968628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.7258065938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.6024161577224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45102283358573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3400152921676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3317585587501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.28764843940734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.262026846408844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10096743702888489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8015049695968628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.7258065938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.6024161577224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45102283358573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3400152921676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3317585587501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.28764843940734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.262026846408844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10096743702888489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3082991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2627805392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1952096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4032988475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1942836","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969085745","https://openalex.org/W2461749621","https://openalex.org/W2606062705","https://openalex.org/W2785700716","https://openalex.org/W2799178986","https://openalex.org/W2987909323","https://openalex.org/W3101350155","https://openalex.org/W3149132974","https://openalex.org/W3158987425","https://openalex.org/W3201396315","https://openalex.org/W6784898915","https://openalex.org/W6794316760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939054760","https://openalex.org/W2010532256","https://openalex.org/W4388427491","https://openalex.org/W2911665507","https://openalex.org/W2225266572","https://openalex.org/W2582198160","https://openalex.org/W2757106578","https://openalex.org/W1949685771","https://openalex.org/W2365942382","https://openalex.org/W4255865573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1],"the":[2,23],"advantages":[3],"of":[4],"formal":[5,29],"methods":[6,30],"be":[7],"brought":[8],"to":[9,31],"emerging":[10],"smart":[11,37],"cities?":[12],"We":[13],"discuss":[14],"several":[15],"core":[16],"challenges":[17],"and":[18,34],"our":[19],"recent":[20],"efforts":[21],"as":[22],"first":[24],"step":[25],"toward":[26],"developing":[27],"novel":[28],"ensure":[32],"safety":[33],"performance":[35],"in":[36],"cities.":[38]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
