{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154118960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","title":"Hack3D: Crowdsourcing the Assessment of Cybersecurity in Digital Manufacturing","display_name":"Hack3D: Crowdsourcing the Assessment of Cybersecurity in Digital Manufacturing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154118960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","mag":"3154118960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.04368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001202844","display_name":"Michael Linares","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Linares","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084649307","display_name":"Nishant Aswani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishant Aswani","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069703844","display_name":"Gary Mac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-871X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Mac","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084086792","display_name":"Chenglu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-8019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341640284","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica","ror":"https://ror.org/00x7ekv49","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I2800991832","https://openalex.org/I4405262988"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["CWI Amsterdam","[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CWI Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405359","display_name":"Fei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-539X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107260","display_name":"Apple (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01vpeym60","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107260"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141230","display_name":"Apple (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fjbw519","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141230","https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple","[Apple]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107260"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Apple]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038083371","display_name":"N\u00efkhil Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-4459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648257","display_name":"Ramesh Karri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Karri","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0584164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"11","first_page":"58","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.8558038473129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6763990521430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.563805103302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4459178149700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.4345906376838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-threats","display_name":"Cyber threats","score":0.41726428270339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36042487621307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19223707914352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06920227408409119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8558038473129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6763990521430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.563805103302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4459178149700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.4345906376838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018725008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber threats","level":2,"score":0.41726428270339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36042487621307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19223707914352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06920227408409119}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3074192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.04368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04368","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.04368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cwi.nl:31211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/31211","pdf_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/31211/31211.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055335","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer vol. 54 no. 11, pp. 58-67","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:3154118960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2005.04368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.04368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2005.04368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.04368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04368","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.04368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2960412588","display_name":"SaTC: EDU: Collaborative: An Educational Initiative on Cybersecurity in Additive Manufacturing","funder_award_id":"1931724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8563064653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1931724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10423821","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2030337280","https://openalex.org/W2075514563","https://openalex.org/W2086225014","https://openalex.org/W2210563311","https://openalex.org/W2351765604","https://openalex.org/W2608006932","https://openalex.org/W2619263430","https://openalex.org/W2881509088","https://openalex.org/W2942153030","https://openalex.org/W3010383105","https://openalex.org/W3073281096","https://openalex.org/W3097224309","https://openalex.org/W6634600059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195391013","https://openalex.org/W135954027","https://openalex.org/W2972426221","https://openalex.org/W2014271043","https://openalex.org/W1520887344","https://openalex.org/W1722328585","https://openalex.org/W3091051343","https://openalex.org/W1999618297","https://openalex.org/W2052496023","https://openalex.org/W3133172692","https://openalex.org/W3083421247","https://openalex.org/W2624089020","https://openalex.org/W2886341134","https://openalex.org/W3018234593","https://openalex.org/W2645360258","https://openalex.org/W1981794605","https://openalex.org/W1499482908","https://openalex.org/W2911060022","https://openalex.org/W2000212009","https://openalex.org/W3110786646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"summarizes":[2],"lessons":[3],"from":[4],"the":[5,33],"past":[6],"three":[7],"Hack3D":[8],"events,":[9],"including":[10],"ways":[11],"in":[12],"which":[13],"engineers":[14],"can":[15],"launch":[16],"surprise":[17],"attacks":[18],"on":[19],"digital":[20],"manufacturing":[21],"(DM)":[22],"designs.":[23],"A":[24],"key":[25],"outcome":[26],"is":[27],"a":[28],"taxonomy-guided":[29],"security":[30],"benchmark":[31],"for":[32],"DM":[34],"community.":[35]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}