{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046687504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","title":"21 Years of Distributed Denial-of-Service: A Call to Action","display_name":"21 Years of Distributed Denial-of-Service: A Call to Action","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046687504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","mag":"3046687504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024988348","display_name":"Eric Osterweil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Osterweil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041500780","display_name":"Angelos Stavrou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-0592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelos Stavrou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116294214","display_name":"Lixia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0701-757X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024988348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8419383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"8","first_page":"94","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8726289868354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7572665810585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6747080087661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial","display_name":"Denial","score":0.6047240495681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5873408913612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5204365849494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5078960061073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falling","display_name":"Falling (accident)","score":0.4261581003665924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3880634903907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.25511470437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.0932384729385376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8726289868354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572665810585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6747080087661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780900520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100268981","display_name":"Denial","level":2,"score":0.6047240495681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5873408913612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5204365849494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5078960061073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333495","display_name":"Falling (accident)","level":2,"score":0.4261581003665924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3880634903907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25511470437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0932384729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2020.2993330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520068592","https://openalex.org/W1867219652","https://openalex.org/W2117175761","https://openalex.org/W2128595127","https://openalex.org/W2155141181","https://openalex.org/W2155903900","https://openalex.org/W2287088142","https://openalex.org/W2748868501","https://openalex.org/W2903436061","https://openalex.org/W3057691552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035091929","https://openalex.org/W2161226151","https://openalex.org/W2765658188","https://openalex.org/W2235209299","https://openalex.org/W2886198660","https://openalex.org/W1994643043","https://openalex.org/W1997184652","https://openalex.org/W2413774596","https://openalex.org/W206810774","https://openalex.org/W2417152646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"are":[1],"falling":[2],"behind":[3],"in":[4],"the":[5,15,18],"war":[6],"against":[7],"distributed":[8],"denial-of-service":[9],"attacks.":[10],"Unless":[11],"we":[12],"act":[13],"now,":[14],"future":[16],"of":[17],"Internet":[19],"could":[20],"be":[21],"at":[22],"stake.":[23]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}