{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899425277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","title":"When Winning Is Losing: Why the Nation that Invented the Computer Lost Its Lead","display_name":"When Winning Is Losing: Why the Nation that Invented the Computer Lost Its Lead","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899425277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","mag":"2899425277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094301421","display_name":"Mar Hicks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mar Hicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094301421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1302427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"10","first_page":"48","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-computing","display_name":"History of computing","score":0.843765377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7543647289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.5600207448005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.4676384925842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3876219689846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34631264209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09033659100532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature","display_name":"Literature","score":0.07188543677330017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735691","display_name":"History of computing","level":2,"score":0.843765377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7543647289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.5600207448005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4676384925842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3876219689846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34631264209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09033659100532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.07188543677330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.3971355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588637977","https://openalex.org/W1533770526","https://openalex.org/W2475004605","https://openalex.org/W2489803929","https://openalex.org/W2610778097","https://openalex.org/W2799223459","https://openalex.org/W2802055772","https://openalex.org/W2896833840","https://openalex.org/W2897702578","https://openalex.org/W2898970033","https://openalex.org/W2945628619","https://openalex.org/W2969743693","https://openalex.org/W4205802393","https://openalex.org/W4233345682","https://openalex.org/W4242906757","https://openalex.org/W4252306240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255463199","https://openalex.org/W2411039299","https://openalex.org/W2348886128","https://openalex.org/W2388067091","https://openalex.org/W2367656648","https://openalex.org/W2907042045","https://openalex.org/W2350200549","https://openalex.org/W4281691423","https://openalex.org/W2362132076","https://openalex.org/W2965396777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"nation":[1],"that":[2],"invented":[3],"the":[4,30,44],"computer":[5],"lost":[6],"its":[7,11],"lead":[8],"by":[9],"discarding":[10],"most":[12],"plentiful":[13],"supply":[14],"of":[15,32,46],"trained":[16],"technologists:":[17],"women.":[18],"This":[19],"article":[20],"discusses":[21],"why":[22],"failure":[23],"narratives":[24],"are":[25],"as":[26,34],"important":[27],"to":[28],"understanding":[29],"history":[31],"computing":[33],"success":[35],"stories,":[36],"and":[37],"explains":[38],"how":[39],"structural":[40],"sexism":[41],"has":[42],"affected":[43],"progress":[45],"computing.":[47]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
