{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058810590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","title":"The digital computer in surgical intensive care automation","display_name":"The digital computer in surgical intensive care automation","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058810590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","mag":"2058810590"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055659488","display_name":"Louis C. Sheppard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis C. Sheppard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027781823","display_name":"Nicholas T. Kouchoukos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-194X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas T. Kouchoukos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112072955","display_name":"John W. Kirklin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Kirklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, The Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93198067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"7","first_page":"29","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9354000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9354000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5540338754653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5134319067001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit","display_name":"Intensive care unit","score":0.5083109736442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.49817848205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.45863521099090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-care","display_name":"Patient care","score":0.43455174565315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.349414587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.34466439485549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33571889996528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13898012042045593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5540338754653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5134319067001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.5083109736442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.49817848205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.45863521099090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.43455174565315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.349414587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.34466439485549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33571889996528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13898012042045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.1973.6535359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218202131","https://openalex.org/W84108837","https://openalex.org/W2519676117","https://openalex.org/W2155740880","https://openalex.org/W4253249845","https://openalex.org/W2148444631","https://openalex.org/W1826068234","https://openalex.org/W2125452230","https://openalex.org/W2185138819","https://openalex.org/W971421295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"application":[1],"of":[2,11,20,28,46,57,86,121,129,136,139,144,164,172],"technology":[3],"and":[4,107,155,162,175],"system":[5,23,149],"engineering":[6],"techniques":[7],"to":[8,64,103],"the":[9,17,25,31,55,75,84,93,105,108,119,123,126,130,137,160],"delivery":[10],"health":[12],"services":[13],"has":[14,150],"made":[15],"possible":[16],"successful":[18],"implementation":[19],"a":[21],"computer-based":[22],"in":[24,54,159],"clinical":[26],"care":[27,65,87,148],"patients":[29,166],"during":[30],"crucial":[32],"early":[33],"hours":[34],"following":[35,168],"heart":[36,177],"surgery.":[37],"Our":[38],"hospital":[39],"was":[40],"faced":[41],"with":[42,92,110],"continually":[43],"increasing":[44],"numbers":[45],"candidates":[47],"for":[48,66,74,170],"cardiac":[49],"operations":[50],"without":[51],"proportionate":[52],"growth":[53],"availability":[56],"skilled,":[58],"highly":[59],"motivated":[60],"registered":[61],"nurses":[62,109],"qualified":[63],"these":[67],"critically":[68],"ill":[69],"patients.":[70],"Cardiac":[71,131],"surgeons":[72],"responsible":[73],"patient's":[76],"welfare":[77],"hypothesized":[78],"that":[79],"despite":[80],"greater":[81],"patient":[82],"loads":[83],"quality":[85],"could":[88,99],"be":[89,100],"maintained,":[90],"economically,":[91],"existing":[94],"nursing":[95],"staff,":[96],"if":[97],"automation":[98],"successfully":[101],"employed":[102],"aid":[104],"physicians":[106],"their":[111],"care-related":[112],"duties.":[113],"In":[114],"this":[115,146],"paper":[116],"we":[117],"describe":[118],"results":[120],"integrating":[122],"computer":[124],"into":[125],"day-to-day":[127],"operation":[128,169],"Surgical":[132],"Intensive":[133],"Care":[134],"Unit":[135],"University":[138],"Alabama":[140],"Hospital.":[141],"Since":[142],"July":[143],"1967":[145],"automated":[147],"performed":[151],"record":[152],"keeping":[153],"duties":[154],"been":[156],"used":[157],"clinically":[158],"observation":[161],"treatment":[163],"2750":[165],"(2\u201328\u201373)":[167],"correction":[171],"various":[173],"acquired":[174],"congenital":[176],"defects.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
