{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964262883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","title":"Static Malware Detection & Subterfuge: Quantifying the Robustness of Machine Learning and Current Anti-Virus","display_name":"Static Malware Detection & Subterfuge: Quantifying the Robustness of Machine Learning and Current Anti-Virus","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964262883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","mag":"2964262883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 13th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078437270","display_name":"William Fleshman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Fleshman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Physical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Physical Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068036546","display_name":"Edward Raff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-1972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322124587","display_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051rcp357","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Raff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booz Allen Hamilton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booz Allen Hamilton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048807150","display_name":"Richard Zak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-2565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322124587","display_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051rcp357","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Zak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booz Allen Hamilton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booz Allen Hamilton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322124587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067728478","display_name":"Mark McLean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-785X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark McLean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Physical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Physical Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025012064","display_name":"Charles Nicholas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-7139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Nicholas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1615,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88985205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8706111907958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8267314434051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7847532033920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6439489722251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.5896708965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5878966450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4867589473724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-virus","display_name":"Anti virus","score":0.4839525520801544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.42095568776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39870843291282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2777417004108429}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8706111907958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8267314434051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7847532033920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6439489722251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.5896708965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5878966450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4867589473724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983655198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93249","display_name":"Anti virus","level":2,"score":0.4839525520801544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.42095568776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39870843291282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2777417004108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2018.8659360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 13th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W108297441","https://openalex.org/W200122238","https://openalex.org/W301378022","https://openalex.org/W1412796528","https://openalex.org/W1482612322","https://openalex.org/W1558357780","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1893133781","https://openalex.org/W1966150547","https://openalex.org/W1985987493","https://openalex.org/W1986187640","https://openalex.org/W1996646428","https://openalex.org/W2054888947","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2083183119","https://openalex.org/W2087211161","https://openalex.org/W2121749752","https://openalex.org/W2125908420","https://openalex.org/W2144112223","https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2408141691","https://openalex.org/W2432142698","https://openalex.org/W2464629196","https://openalex.org/W2518866423","https://openalex.org/W2534602447","https://openalex.org/W2536353943","https://openalex.org/W2536581267","https://openalex.org/W2603093875","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2753594008","https://openalex.org/W2766353929","https://openalex.org/W2785844809","https://openalex.org/W2789987041","https://openalex.org/W2963106521","https://openalex.org/W2963165251","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3111818035","https://openalex.org/W4230223745","https://openalex.org/W4248686253","https://openalex.org/W4297747074","https://openalex.org/W4297747285","https://openalex.org/W6604343804","https://openalex.org/W6608123815","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6678051712","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6714069269","https://openalex.org/W6717848421","https://openalex.org/W6743618022","https://openalex.org/W6745899033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387298227","https://openalex.org/W2526398307","https://openalex.org/W2470029541","https://openalex.org/W4387065217","https://openalex.org/W4285357721","https://openalex.org/W4368275542","https://openalex.org/W2470502009","https://openalex.org/W3152957156","https://openalex.org/W2073106194","https://openalex.org/W3170525725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"machine-learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"based":[3,113],"systems":[4,25,44,114],"for":[5],"malware":[6,42,124],"detection":[7,43],"become":[8],"more":[9,21,117],"prevalent,":[10],"it":[11],"becomes":[12],"necessary":[13],"to":[14,19,33,40,104,134],"quantify":[15],"the":[16,20,52,63,87,137],"benefits":[17],"compared":[18],"traditional":[22],"anti-virus":[23],"(AV)":[24],"widely":[26],"used":[27],"today.":[28],"It":[29],"is":[30],"not":[31],"practical":[32],"build":[34],"an":[35],"agreed":[36],"upon":[37],"test":[38],"set":[39,69],"benchmark":[41],"on":[45,67],"pure":[46],"classification":[47],"performance.":[48],"Instead":[49],"we":[50,61,101],"tackle":[51],"problem":[53],"by":[54],"creating":[55],"a":[56,68,92,107],"new":[57],"testing":[58],"methodology,":[59],"where":[60],"evaluate":[62],"change":[64,82],"in":[65,83,106,136],"performance":[66,84],"of":[70,139],"known":[71],"benign":[72],"&":[73],"malicious":[74],"files":[75],"as":[76],"adversarial":[77],"modifications":[78],"are":[79,102],"performed.":[80],"The":[81],"combined":[85],"with":[86],"evasion":[88,127],"techniques":[89],"then":[90],"quantifies":[91],"system's":[93],"robustness":[94],"against":[95],"that":[96,125],"approach.":[97],"Through":[98],"these":[99],"experiments":[100],"able":[103],"show":[105],"quantifiable":[108],"way":[109],"how":[110],"purely":[111],"ML":[112],"can":[115],"be":[116,132],"robust":[118],"than":[119],"AV":[120],"products":[121],"at":[122],"detecting":[123],"attempts":[126],"through":[128],"modification,":[129],"but":[130],"may":[131],"slower":[133],"adapt":[135],"face":[138],"significantly":[140],"novel":[141],"attacks.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}