{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017331368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","title":"The waledac protocol: The how and why","display_name":"The waledac protocol: The how and why","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017331368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","mag":"2017331368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 4th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078804750","display_name":"Greg Sinclair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Sinclair","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","iDefense/, University of North, Carolina at Charlotte, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"iDefense/, University of North, Carolina at Charlotte, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046041427","display_name":"Chris Nunnery","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Nunnery","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","(University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111984144","display_name":"Brent Byunghoon Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent ByungHoon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","(University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98346455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"77"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9858951568603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.664445698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6498903036117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5709827542304993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-to-peer","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","score":0.440030038356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4381089508533478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24868136644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1311495304107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.05917090177536011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9858951568603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.664445698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6498903036117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5709827542304993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534932454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161410","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","level":2,"score":0.440030038356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4381089508533478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24868136644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1311495304107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.05917090177536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2009.5403015","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 4th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187875600","https://openalex.org/W2280775762","https://openalex.org/W6607594771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2929621094","https://openalex.org/W1996006176","https://openalex.org/W4285325964","https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W2119207053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Peer":[0],"to":[1,58,62,75,86],"peer":[2],"(P2P)":[3],"botnets":[4],"are":[5],"a":[6,17,46,51,78],"growing":[7],"occurrence":[8],"in":[9,22,45,84],"the":[10,23,35,53,67,71,82],"malware":[11],"community.":[12],"The":[13,27],"Waledac":[14,28,54,72],"botnet":[15,25,55,73,83],"represents":[16],"new,":[18],"more":[19,47],"challenging":[20],"trend":[21],"P2P":[24,36],"evolution.":[26],"infrastructure":[29],"has":[30,43],"evolved":[31],"key":[32],"aspects":[33,69],"of":[34,70,81],"architecture":[37],"and":[38,60,89],"devolved":[39],"others.":[40,90],"This":[41,64],"evolution/devolution":[42],"resulted":[44],"formidable":[48],"botnet.":[49],"As":[50],"result,":[52],"is":[56],"harder":[57,61],"infiltrate":[59],"enumerate.":[63],"paper":[65],"explains":[66],"various":[68],"infrastructures":[74],"give":[76],"defenders":[77],"better":[79],"understanding":[80],"order":[85],"protect":[87],"themselves":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
