{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137314966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","title":"Function length as a tool for malware classification","display_name":"Function length as a tool for malware classification","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137314966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","mag":"2137314966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 3rd International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110239124","display_name":"Renpeng Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia","Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064585321","display_name":"Lynn Batten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-2423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.M. Batten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia","Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072967605","display_name":"Steve Versteeg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.C. Versteeg","raw_affiliation_strings":["CA Laboratories, Melbourne, Australia","CA Labs., Melbourne, VIC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CA Laboratories, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CA Labs., Melbourne, VIC","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93587488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.964640736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7687928676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7265822887420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7120481729507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.6128250360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5899879336357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4511432647705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4375329315662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.401479035615921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35573601722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34555351734161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17071282863616943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.964640736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7687928676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7265822887420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7120481729507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.6128250360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5899879336357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4511432647705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4375329315662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.401479035615921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35573601722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34555351734161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17071282863616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 3rd International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.986.4484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.986.4484","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU%3A30018116/batten-functionlengthasatool-2008.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.deakin.edu.au:DU:30018116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402457","display_name":"Deakin Research Online (Deakin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","host_organization_name":"Deakin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544837488","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1916732574","https://openalex.org/W1983107693","https://openalex.org/W2137786570","https://openalex.org/W2152519028","https://openalex.org/W2163579617","https://openalex.org/W2166924764","https://openalex.org/W2167671111","https://openalex.org/W6637386731","https://openalex.org/W6640009474","https://openalex.org/W6684149441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256304280","https://openalex.org/W4249009605","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W2395100307","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W3183826413","https://openalex.org/W4243179955","https://openalex.org/W3205001643","https://openalex.org/W2557742076","https://openalex.org/W2968504645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,52,71,79,110],"malware":[3,26,53,111],"is":[4,29],"a":[5,65,90,104],"serious":[6],"threat":[7],"to":[8,21,36,48],"computer":[9],"and":[10,23,41,68,107],"information":[11],"systems":[12],"throughout":[13],"the":[14,32,58,77],"world.":[15],"Anti-malware":[16],"companies":[17],"are":[18],"continually":[19],"challenged":[20],"identify":[22],"counter":[24],"new":[25],"as":[27,54],"it":[28,55],"released":[30],"into":[31],"wild.":[33],"In":[34,60],"attempts":[35],"speed":[37],"up":[38],"this":[39,61],"identification":[40],"response,":[42],"many":[43],"researchers":[44],"have":[45],"examined":[46],"ways":[47],"efficiently":[49],"automate":[50],"classification":[51],"appears":[56],"in":[57,93,103],"environment.":[59],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"present":[64],"fast,":[66,105],"simple":[67],"scalable":[69,108],"method":[70,109],"classifying":[72,94],"Trojans":[73],"based":[74],"only":[75],"on":[76],"lengths":[78],"their":[80],"functions.":[81],"Our":[82],"results":[83],"indicate":[84],"that":[85],"function":[86],"length":[87],"may":[88,101],"play":[89],"significant":[91],"role":[92],"malware,":[95],"and,":[96],"combined":[97],"with":[98],"other":[99],"features,":[100],"result":[102],"inexpensive":[106],"classification.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}