{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149701633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","title":"As the net churns: Fast-flux botnet observations","display_name":"As the net churns: Fast-flux botnet observations","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149701633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","mag":"2149701633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 3rd International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051000370","display_name":"Jose Nazario","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose Nazario","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arbor Networks"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arbor Networks","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056790702","display_name":"Thorsten Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051000370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.5647,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":157,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98961783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9967858791351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.653836727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6190164089202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5468499064445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.4134748578071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21379882097244263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9967858791351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.653836727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6190164089202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5468499064445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.4134748578071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21379882097244263}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/malware.2008.4690854","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 3rd International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308861","display_name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/03zbnzt98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80155331","https://openalex.org/W1479710165","https://openalex.org/W1962340579","https://openalex.org/W2063206201","https://openalex.org/W2099816907","https://openalex.org/W2154601295","https://openalex.org/W6603260413","https://openalex.org/W6641353988","https://openalex.org/W6674770278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2929621094","https://openalex.org/W1996006176","https://openalex.org/W4285325964","https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2124456408","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"botnets":[1,110,136,175,203,222],"themselves":[2],"provide":[3,23],"a":[4,42,70,207],"rich":[5],"platform":[6],"for":[7,10,140,196,241],"financial":[8],"gain":[9],"the":[11,14,17,47,50,57,63,76,160,170],"botnet":[12,26,58,165],"master,":[13],"use":[15,31,158],"of":[16,49,173,210,235,243],"infected":[18],"hosts":[19],"as":[20],"webservers":[21],"can":[22,74,85,219],"an":[24,232,236],"additional":[25,78],"use.":[27],"Botnet":[28],"herders":[29],"often":[30,192],"fast-flux":[32,97,130,147,164,174,189],"DNS":[33],"techniques":[34,45],"to":[35,53,69,81,106,127,152,162,182,199],"host":[36],"unwanted":[37],"or":[38],"illegal":[39],"content":[40,67],"within":[41,56],"botnet.":[43],"These":[44],"change":[46],"mapping":[48],"domain":[51,148,225,244],"name":[52],"different":[54],"bots":[55,64],"with":[59,137,206],"constant":[60],"shifting,":[61],"while":[62],"simply":[65],"relay":[66],"back":[68],"central":[71],"server.":[72],"This":[73],"give":[75],"attackers":[77,94],"stepping":[79],"stones":[80],"thwart":[82],"takedown":[83],"and":[84,132,155,213,216],"obscure":[86],"their":[87,157],"true":[88],"origins.":[89],"Evidence":[90],"suggests":[91],"that":[92,169,185,201,217],"more":[93],"are":[95,111,186,191,204],"adopting":[96],"techniques,":[98],"but":[99,194],"very":[100],"little":[101],"data":[102,238],"has":[103],"been":[104,123],"gathered":[105],"discover":[107,128],"what":[108],"these":[109,202],"being":[112],"used":[113,187],"for.":[114],"To":[115],"address":[116],"this":[117],"gap":[118],"in":[119,188],"understanding,":[120],"we":[121,218],"have":[122],"mining":[124],"live":[125],"traffic":[126],"new":[129],"domains":[131,184],"then":[133],"tracking":[134],"those":[135],"active":[138,171],"measurements":[139],"several":[141,247],"months.":[142,248],"We":[143,167,227],"identified":[144],"over":[145,246],"900":[146],"names":[149,245],"from":[150,177],"early":[151],"mid":[153],"2008":[154],"monitored":[156],"across":[159,223],"Internet":[161],"discern":[163],"behaviors.":[166],"found":[168],"lifetimes":[172],"vary":[176],"less":[178],"than":[179],"one":[180],"day":[181],"months,":[183],"operations":[190],"registered":[193],"dormant":[195],"months":[197],"prior":[198],"activation,":[200],"associated":[205],"broad":[208],"range":[209],"online":[211],"fraud":[212],"crime":[214],"activities,":[215],"identify":[220],"distinct":[221],"multiple":[224],"names.":[226],"support":[228],"our":[229],"findings":[230],"through":[231],"in-depth":[233],"examination":[234],"Internet-scale":[237],"continuously":[239],"collected":[240],"hundreds":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
