{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412403776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463","title":"How CAD Became Universal","display_name":"How CAD Became Universal","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412403776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080213000","display_name":"L. Stephen Wolfe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117807411","display_name":"National Society of Professional Engineers","ror":"https://ror.org/01hpjfm62","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117807411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133652","display_name":"Dayton Metro Library","ror":"https://ror.org/043fmt380","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133652"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Stephen Wolfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Retired Professional Engineer, USA","CAD/CAM Publishing, Inc., United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9492-6600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Retired Professional Engineer, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117807411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAD/CAM Publishing, Inc., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133652"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080213000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117807411","https://openalex.org/I4210133652"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96704221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"14","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14002","display_name":"Art, Technology, and Culture","score":0.8622000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.7043079137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5274612903594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.4363267123699188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4023338556289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.3311520516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33058029413223267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.7043079137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5274612903594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.4363267123699188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4023338556289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.3311520516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33058029413223267}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3588463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402978184","https://openalex.org/W4403294965","https://openalex.org/W4403598728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2334610590","https://openalex.org/W2320366403","https://openalex.org/W3204197061","https://openalex.org/W4251350712","https://openalex.org/W637098845","https://openalex.org/W2410116073","https://openalex.org/W2357465569","https://openalex.org/W2347375777","https://openalex.org/W2382901435","https://openalex.org/W2966888100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"its":[1],"origins":[2,81],"in":[3,59,95],"the":[4,71,96],"1960s,":[5],"CAD":[6,34,75],"that":[7,41,88],"employed":[8],"interactive":[9],"graphics":[10],"was":[11],"initially":[12],"developed":[13],"by":[14,102],"airplane":[15],"and":[16,61],"automobile":[17],"manufacturers":[18],"to":[19,29,36,39,44,82],"solve":[20],"tough":[21],"problems.":[22],"In":[23],"1969,":[24],"entrepreneurs":[25],"raised":[26],"venture":[27],"capital":[28],"begin":[30],"development":[31],"of":[32,73,98],"commercial":[33],"systems":[35,50,76],"be":[37],"sold":[38],"firms":[40],"couldn\u2019t":[42,64],"afford":[43,65],"write":[45],"their":[46,79],"own":[47],"software.":[48],"These":[49],"cost":[51,97],"about":[52],"$150,000":[53],"per":[54],"work":[55],"station.":[56],"Most":[57],"companies":[58],"manufacturing":[60],"construction":[62],"industries":[63,87],"these":[66],"prices.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"traces":[70],"history":[72],"how":[74],"evolved":[77],"from":[78],"high-priced":[80],"become":[83],"universal":[84],"across":[85],"all":[86],"employ":[89],"design":[90],"engineers.":[91],"The":[92],"dramatic":[93],"drop":[94],"computing":[99],"made":[100],"possible":[101],"large-scale":[103],"integrated":[104],"circuits":[105],"largely":[106],"drove":[107],"this":[108],"change.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
