{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411202927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095","title":"ELIZA Reanimated: Restoring the Mother of All Chatbots to One of the World\u2019s First Time-Sharing Systems","display_name":"ELIZA Reanimated: Restoring the Mother of All Chatbots to One of the World\u2019s First Time-Sharing Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411202927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rupert Lane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3622-7681"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rupert Lane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3622-7681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anthony Hay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4239-4186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165468398","display_name":"Devon Energy (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/014mx8j54","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165468398"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Hay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Devon, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4239-4186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Devon, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165468398"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Arthur Schwarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8321-9599"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Slipbits, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8321-9599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Slipbits, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099099314","display_name":"David M. Berry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-5586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex, Falmer, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-5586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex, Falmer, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037249015","display_name":"Jeff Shrager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-6305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Shrager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bennu Climate and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-6305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bennu Climate and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94055839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"2","first_page":"68","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.935699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5088298916816711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3265983462333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32269710302352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.32140427827835083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5088298916816711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3265983462333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32269710302352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32140427827835083}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2025.3564095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902490029","https://openalex.org/W2024190114","https://openalex.org/W2495908263","https://openalex.org/W4236521339","https://openalex.org/W4400065171","https://openalex.org/W6869502016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ELIZA,":[0],"created":[1],"by":[2],"Joseph":[3],"Weizenbaum":[4],"at":[5,48],"MIT":[6],"in":[7,19,44,73],"the":[8,13,66,82,117],"early":[9,54],"1960s,":[10],"is":[11,103],"considered":[12],"earliest":[14,119],"chatbot.":[15],"He":[16],"programmed":[17],"it":[18],"Michigan":[20],"Algorithm":[21],"Decoder-Symmetric":[22],"List":[23],"Processor":[24],"(MAD-SLIP)":[25],"on":[26,34,90,95,121],"MIT\u2019s":[27,49],"Compatible":[28],"Time-Sharing":[29],"System":[30],"(CTSS)":[31],"operating":[32,113],"system,":[33],"an":[35,40,53,96],"IBM":[36,98],"7094.":[37,99],"We":[38],"discovered":[39],"original":[41,88],"ELIZA":[42,89],"printout":[43],"Prof.":[45],"Weizenbaum\u2019s":[46],"papers":[47],"Institute":[50],"Archives,":[51],"including":[52],"version":[55,64,124],"of":[56,65,86,110,125],"its":[57],"famous":[58],"DOCTOR":[59],"script,":[60],"a":[61,91,111,126],"nearly":[62],"complete":[63],"MAD-SLIP":[67],"code,":[68],"and":[69,75,84],"various":[70],"support":[71],"functions":[72],"MAD":[74],"Fortran":[76],"Assembly":[77],"Program.":[78],"Here":[79],"we":[80],"describe":[81],"reconstruction":[83],"reanimation":[85],"this":[87],"restored":[92],"CTSS,":[93],"running":[94],"emulated":[97],"The":[100],"entire":[101],"stack":[102],"open":[104],"source,":[105],"so":[106],"that":[107],"any":[108],"user":[109],"Unix-like":[112],"system":[114],"can":[115],"run":[116],"world\u2019s":[118],"chatbot":[120],"their":[122],"own":[123],"pioneering":[127],"time-sharing":[128],"system.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}