{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385453637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","title":"Early AI in Britain: Turing et al.","display_name":"Early AI in Britain: Turing et al.","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385453637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/85/5255174/10198768.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/85/5255174/10198768.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068912912","display_name":"B. Jack Copeland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. Jack Copeland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-5018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068912912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5518,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85561604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"3","first_page":"19","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.8245556354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6919487714767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.6589959263801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6488684415817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.4640827178955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.45961496233940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.4535764455795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.447727233171463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-situated-approach","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","score":0.4402022957801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.17909830808639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1601133644580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1425105631351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.1087784469127655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.8245556354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6919487714767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.6589959263801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6488684415817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4640827178955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.45961496233940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.4535764455795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.447727233171463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207453521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801079","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","level":2,"score":0.4402022957801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.17909830808639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1601133644580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1425105631351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.1087784469127655}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/85/5255174/10198768.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3300660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/85/5255174/10198768.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385453637.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385453637.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78855793","https://openalex.org/W1533375280","https://openalex.org/W1558331200","https://openalex.org/W1596092532","https://openalex.org/W1968079292","https://openalex.org/W1970647289","https://openalex.org/W1980882881","https://openalex.org/W1981846808","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2011021254","https://openalex.org/W2034880908","https://openalex.org/W2036049211","https://openalex.org/W2039234396","https://openalex.org/W2039248591","https://openalex.org/W2046858665","https://openalex.org/W2057702219","https://openalex.org/W2077512947","https://openalex.org/W2112161977","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2137171066","https://openalex.org/W2152909313","https://openalex.org/W2155437720","https://openalex.org/W2288502068","https://openalex.org/W2317985617","https://openalex.org/W2483371858","https://openalex.org/W2483954911","https://openalex.org/W2489019040","https://openalex.org/W2547047452","https://openalex.org/W2615107805","https://openalex.org/W2780836902","https://openalex.org/W2948019365","https://openalex.org/W2963480319","https://openalex.org/W2979298873","https://openalex.org/W2980057560","https://openalex.org/W3048917427","https://openalex.org/W3101010549","https://openalex.org/W3103227490","https://openalex.org/W3194846626","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W4230997289","https://openalex.org/W4233530996","https://openalex.org/W4238069835","https://openalex.org/W4244236725","https://openalex.org/W4244678817","https://openalex.org/W4247810844","https://openalex.org/W4250791292","https://openalex.org/W4286602963","https://openalex.org/W4308206937","https://openalex.org/W4310276584","https://openalex.org/W4388218354","https://openalex.org/W6633566299","https://openalex.org/W6636725810","https://openalex.org/W6642863811","https://openalex.org/W6654172373","https://openalex.org/W6657716897","https://openalex.org/W6662311149","https://openalex.org/W6678713382","https://openalex.org/W6678934100","https://openalex.org/W6685675464","https://openalex.org/W6722126346","https://openalex.org/W6729382079","https://openalex.org/W6758858982","https://openalex.org/W6785985067","https://openalex.org/W6786000233","https://openalex.org/W6806199252","https://openalex.org/W6832654938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243955206","https://openalex.org/W102057119","https://openalex.org/W4200331595","https://openalex.org/W3038981710","https://openalex.org/W2392422095","https://openalex.org/W4252425280","https://openalex.org/W2958922731","https://openalex.org/W2187027130","https://openalex.org/W4248965121","https://openalex.org/W4385453637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"overview":[4],"of":[5,16,38,101],"Turing's":[6],"early":[7,21],"contributions":[8,107],"to":[9,54,79,108],"machine":[10,39,109],"intelligence,":[11],"together":[12],"with":[13],"a":[14],"summary":[15],"his":[17,24],"influence":[18],"on":[19,27,113],"other":[20],"practitioners.":[22],"Following":[23],"famous":[25],"work":[26,56,112],"the":[28,31,36,42,76,81,93,98,123],"Entscheidungsproblem":[29],"in":[30,66,103,131],"1930s,":[32],"Turing":[33,94],"staked":[34],"out":[35],"field":[37],"intelligence":[40,58,110],"during":[41],"1940s.":[43],"His":[44],"wartime":[45],"Bombe":[46],"used":[47],"what":[48],"we":[49],"now":[50],"call":[51],"heuristic":[52],"search":[53],"do":[55],"requiring":[57],"when":[59],"done":[60],"by":[61],"humans.":[62],"In":[63],"key":[64],"papers":[65],"1948":[67],"and":[68,85,118],"1950":[69],"he":[70],"discussed":[71],"search,":[72],"learning,":[73,116],"robotics,":[74],"chess,":[75],"theorem-proving":[77],"approach":[78],"AI,":[80],"genetic":[82],"algorithm":[83],"concept,":[84],"artificial":[86],"neural":[87],"networks,":[88],"as":[89,91],"well":[90],"introducing":[92],"test.":[95],"He":[96],"influenced":[97],"first":[99],"generation":[100],"programmers":[102],"Britain,":[104],"whose":[105],"pioneering":[106],"included":[111],"board":[114],"games,":[115],"language-processing,":[117],"reasoning\u2014contributions":[119],"made":[120],"years":[121],"before":[122],"term":[124],"\u2018Artificial":[125],"Intelligence\u2019":[126],"was":[127],"coined":[128],"at":[129],"Dartmouth":[130],"1956.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}