{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366503868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359","title":"\u201cContent Is Meaningless, and Structure Is All-Important\u201d: Defining the Nature of Computer Science in the Age of High Modernism, c. 1950\u2013c. 1965","display_name":"\u201cContent Is Meaningless, and Structure Is All-Important\u201d: Defining the Nature of Computer Science in the Age of High Modernism, c. 1950\u2013c. 1965","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366503868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018947804","display_name":"David Nofre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3580-7264"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Nofre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent scholar, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3580-7264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent scholar, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018947804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3517,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85590551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"29","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14002","display_name":"Art, Technology, and Culture","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6704589128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6571341753005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-computing","display_name":"History of computing","score":0.6233193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflation","display_name":"Conflation","score":0.6202589273452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-centered-computing","display_name":"Human-centered computing","score":0.45286083221435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4238569140434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.34352216124534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-science","display_name":"Information science","score":0.33578312397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20367580652236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.1564841866493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1272360384464264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6704589128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6571341753005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735691","display_name":"History of computing","level":2,"score":0.6233193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130440534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946528","display_name":"Conflation","level":2,"score":0.6202589273452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72568745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12812953","display_name":"Human-centered computing","level":3,"score":0.45286083221435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4238569140434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.34352216124534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95831776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16387","display_name":"Information science","level":2,"score":0.33578312397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20367580652236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.1564841866493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1272360384464264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2023.3266359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"1058-6180","issn":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20464340","https://openalex.org/W616156598","https://openalex.org/W653253546","https://openalex.org/W1483568252","https://openalex.org/W1497503265","https://openalex.org/W1522962854","https://openalex.org/W1548218936","https://openalex.org/W1849980434","https://openalex.org/W1968553138","https://openalex.org/W1986953502","https://openalex.org/W1988500500","https://openalex.org/W1989196647","https://openalex.org/W2000118875","https://openalex.org/W2027025804","https://openalex.org/W2038093353","https://openalex.org/W2043184535","https://openalex.org/W2046160410","https://openalex.org/W2046606639","https://openalex.org/W2049212269","https://openalex.org/W2054281208","https://openalex.org/W2057748626","https://openalex.org/W2060534346","https://openalex.org/W2063274882","https://openalex.org/W2071539897","https://openalex.org/W2089904802","https://openalex.org/W2093482100","https://openalex.org/W2099413771","https://openalex.org/W2102198414","https://openalex.org/W2118953194","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2136069723","https://openalex.org/W2223597012","https://openalex.org/W2243639881","https://openalex.org/W2493256084","https://openalex.org/W2515902591","https://openalex.org/W2553962339","https://openalex.org/W2555081863","https://openalex.org/W2577488417","https://openalex.org/W2760817495","https://openalex.org/W2761552091","https://openalex.org/W2890772311","https://openalex.org/W2979475728","https://openalex.org/W2995923357","https://openalex.org/W2996507048","https://openalex.org/W2998630145","https://openalex.org/W3101684541","https://openalex.org/W3120776090","https://openalex.org/W3132153573","https://openalex.org/W3144899131","https://openalex.org/W3165406572","https://openalex.org/W3167192072","https://openalex.org/W3208799772","https://openalex.org/W4205802393","https://openalex.org/W4206971072","https://openalex.org/W4211216801","https://openalex.org/W4230009147","https://openalex.org/W4233345682","https://openalex.org/W4234863431","https://openalex.org/W4236254558","https://openalex.org/W4244142731","https://openalex.org/W4245587508","https://openalex.org/W4245791332","https://openalex.org/W4247659994","https://openalex.org/W4292657199","https://openalex.org/W4298309871","https://openalex.org/W4391977288","https://openalex.org/W4394799584","https://openalex.org/W6638865872","https://openalex.org/W6663056374","https://openalex.org/W6739946025","https://openalex.org/W6744028852","https://openalex.org/W6770754301","https://openalex.org/W6788567262","https://openalex.org/W6861536815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476929145","https://openalex.org/W4386396080","https://openalex.org/W3116777235","https://openalex.org/W2946303786","https://openalex.org/W4381738539","https://openalex.org/W2418122933","https://openalex.org/W3184453381","https://openalex.org/W2921796378","https://openalex.org/W2810190195","https://openalex.org/W134296071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,17,37,44,55,58,75,77,80,89,118,126,131,136,142,146],"this":[3],"article":[4],"is":[5,25],"to":[6,27,41],"historize":[7],"the":[8,14,18,21,35,42,47,56,62,78,87,95,98,105,119,137,143],"definition":[9],"computer":[11,28,39,63,120,147],"science,":[12],"particularly":[13],"characteristic":[15],"ambiguity":[16,24],"discipline":[19],"toward":[20],"computer.":[22,81],"This":[23,128],"foundational":[26],"science":[29],"and":[30,109,115,134],"has":[31],"its":[32],"roots":[33],"in":[34,46,94,97],"response":[36],"university":[38],"centers":[40],"commercialization":[43],"computing":[45,50,59,102],"mid-1950s.":[48],"University":[49,101],"experts":[51,103],"developed":[52,110],"an":[53],"understanding":[54],"activity":[57],"disentangled":[60],"from":[61],"itself,":[64],"a":[65,72,90,116,124],"conceptual":[66],"shift":[67],"that":[68],"went":[69],"together":[70],"with":[71],"parallel":[73],"process":[74],"dematerialization":[76],"notion":[79,117],"These":[82],"transformations":[83],"were":[84],"facilitated":[85],"by":[86],"ascendance":[88],"high":[91,106],"modernist":[92,107],"agenda":[93,108],"sciences":[96],"United":[99],"States.":[100],"embraced":[104],"analogies":[111],"across":[112],"programs,":[113,133],"notations,":[114,132],"now":[121],"understood":[122],"as":[123],"model":[125],"computation.":[127],"immaterial":[129],"conflation":[130],"representations":[135],"machine,":[138],"would":[139],"become":[140],"one":[141],"core":[144],"tenets":[145],"science.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
