{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225538045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738","title":"Early Days of Computing at Manchester: Max Newman's Royal Society Project, 1946\u20131951","display_name":"Early Days of Computing at Manchester: Max Newman's Royal Society Project, 1946\u20131951","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225538045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"0164-1239","issn":["0164-1239","1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016831563","display_name":"Simon Lavington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9570-1074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon H. Lavington","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9570-1074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016831563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90705394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"2","first_page":"20","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9165999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colossus-computer","display_name":"Colossus computer","score":0.960405707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.7133141756057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6798107028007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4740733206272125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.44376638531684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42643797397613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.37866663932800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3757670819759369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.375747412443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3520834445953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.3493686318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.2933003008365631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1974397897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12236261367797852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122965138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770597","display_name":"Colossus computer","level":2,"score":0.960405707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.7133141756057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6798107028007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4740733206272125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.44376638531684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42643797397613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.37866663932800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3757670819759369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.375747412443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3520834445953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3493686318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2933003008365631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1974397897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12236261367797852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3159738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"0164-1239","issn":["0164-1239","1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/860155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/87/article/860155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39052867","https://openalex.org/W1496427046","https://openalex.org/W1985892633","https://openalex.org/W1988822779","https://openalex.org/W1997339636","https://openalex.org/W1997756563","https://openalex.org/W2004665517","https://openalex.org/W2005515466","https://openalex.org/W2043221999","https://openalex.org/W2055762199","https://openalex.org/W2099666357","https://openalex.org/W2147781729","https://openalex.org/W2155075317","https://openalex.org/W4236853903","https://openalex.org/W4239471795","https://openalex.org/W4241878922","https://openalex.org/W6693018257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2492070960","https://openalex.org/W4246915350","https://openalex.org/W2110902405","https://openalex.org/W1997858650","https://openalex.org/W1975134282","https://openalex.org/W1975118492","https://openalex.org/W2137938719","https://openalex.org/W4253018521","https://openalex.org/W1989832708","https://openalex.org/W2488427522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Max":[0,109],"Newman":[1],"became":[2],"Professor":[3],"of":[4,49,59,77,96],"Pure":[5],"Mathematics":[6],"at":[7,20,38,119],"Manchester":[8,39,120],"University":[9],"in":[10,53,80,93,122],"1945,":[11],"having":[12],"led":[13],"the":[14,24,47,75,85,94],"outstandingly":[15],"successful":[16],"Colossus":[17],"cryptanalytical":[18],"project":[19,79],"Bletchley":[21],"Park":[22],"during":[23],"war.":[25],"He":[26],"obtained":[27],"Royal":[28],"Society":[29],"funding":[30],"to":[31,40,46,65,88,136],"set":[32,89],"up":[33],"a":[34],"Computing":[35],"Machine":[36],"Laboratory":[37],"apply":[41],"similar":[42],"digital":[43,61],"electronic":[44],"technologies":[45],"solution":[48],"as-yet":[50],"unsolved":[51],"problems":[52],"pure":[54],"mathematics.":[55],"But":[56],"what":[57],"kind":[58],"(special-purpose)":[60],"computer":[62,117],"was":[63,128],"likely":[64],"be":[66],"most":[67],"suitable?":[68],"Using":[69],"new":[70],"evidence,":[71],"this":[72],"article":[73],"charts":[74],"progress":[76],"Newman's":[78,90,110],"some":[81],"detail,":[82],"attempting":[83],"for":[84],"first":[86],"time":[87],"Colossus-centric":[91],"vision":[92],"context":[95],"John":[97],"von":[98],"Neumann's":[99],"IAS":[100],"architecture.":[101],"We":[102],"contrast":[103],"mathematical":[104],"and":[105],"engineering":[106],"perspectives.":[107],"Though":[108],"original":[111],"plans":[112],"were":[113],"not":[114],"realized,":[115],"innovative":[116],"design":[118],"flourished":[121],"directions":[123],"unforeseen":[124],"by":[125],"Newman.":[126],"It":[127],"his":[129],"1946":[130],"initiative":[131],"that":[132],"led,":[133],"somewhat":[134],"indirectly,":[135],"significant":[137],"computing":[138],"milestones.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}