{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210935470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465","title":"The Expert Systems Business: How It Grew and Died","display_name":"The Expert Systems Business: How It Grew and Died","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210935470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"0164-1239","issn":["0164-1239","1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076230730","display_name":"Paul Harmon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-6938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325404993","display_name":"Forest Trends","ror":"https://ror.org/025ardq11","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325404993"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Harmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business Process Trends, Las Vegas, NV, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business Process Trends, Las Vegas, NV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325404993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076230730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325404993"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61428883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.9059000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.9059000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demise","display_name":"Demise","score":0.911300778388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculation","display_name":"Speculation","score":0.6013267636299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.5978174805641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4365054666996002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.4279950261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.41617900133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4002302885055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3769955635070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1647539734840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14464262127876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.0915692150592804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777720223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255430","display_name":"Demise","level":2,"score":0.911300778388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47941915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107885","display_name":"Speculation","level":2,"score":0.6013267636299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.5978174805641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4365054666996002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4279950261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.41617900133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4002302885055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3769955635070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1647539734840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14464262127876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0915692150592804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2022.3149465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118545620","display_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","issn_l":"0164-1239","issn":["0164-1239","1058-6180","1934-1547"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/853381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/87/article/853381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592565992","https://openalex.org/W4243792164","https://openalex.org/W2076161440","https://openalex.org/W584232556","https://openalex.org/W2147782221","https://openalex.org/W2053301901","https://openalex.org/W2631115212","https://openalex.org/W2603643279","https://openalex.org/W1601384981","https://openalex.org/W3107943460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,7,9,12,17,42,47,55,62,72,75,80,85],"computer":[4],"environment":[5],"in":[6,41,84],"1980s,":[8],"birth":[10],"of":[11,19,79],"expert":[13,24,81],"systems":[14,25,82],"software":[15],"business,":[16],"proliferation":[18],"companies":[20],"created":[21],"to":[22],"sell":[23],"products":[26,31],"and":[27,32,35,39,54,65,77],"services,":[28],"their":[29,37],"various":[30,52,56],"business":[33],"strategies,":[34],"finally":[36],"collapse":[38,78],"demise":[40],"early":[43,66],"1990s.":[44,67,86],"We":[45,68],"describe":[46],"marketing":[48],"strategies":[49],"adopted":[50],"by":[51],"vendors":[53],"market":[57,83],"niches":[58],"that":[59],"evolved":[60],"during":[61],"late":[63],"1980s":[64],"offer":[69],"speculation":[70],"on":[71],"reasons":[73],"for":[74],"growth":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}