{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143296083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625","title":"EE-SE Trade-Off in Deep Learning-Based URLLC Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"EE-SE Trade-Off in Deep Learning-Based URLLC Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143296083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130927292","display_name":"Shuaicheng Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuaicheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7628-3529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003269836","display_name":"Donggen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4967-3279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donggen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4967-3279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121279215","display_name":"Weiheng Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiheng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-8337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101011304","display_name":"Wenjiang Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjiang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-8620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130945735","display_name":"Pei Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130957780","display_name":"Kanapathippillai Cumanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanapathippillai Cumanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9735-7019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072939307","display_name":"Alister G. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alister Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130927292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69563183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"2388","last_page":"2392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.24639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.24639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.11469999700784683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6762999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.27649998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6762999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187107819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835696","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3678625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:240099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4212809205055237}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6910752610","display_name":"Cell-free massive MIMO for future wireless networks","funder_award_id":"EP/X01309X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,93],"smart":[1],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,61,110,136],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"factories":[6],"with":[7,79],"dense":[8],"terminal":[9],"access,":[10],"the":[11,30,105,113,123,130,137],"communication":[12],"scenarios":[13],"and":[14,22,40,47,55,72,88,107,133],"requirements":[15],"differ":[16],"significantly":[17],"between":[18,53],"ground":[19],"terminals":[20,24],"(GTs)":[21],"aerial":[23],"(ATs).":[25],"Consequently,":[26],"their":[27],"demands":[28],"for":[29,57,115],"two":[31,59],"key":[32],"performance":[33,87,109],"indicators":[34],"under":[35],"URLLC":[36],"constraints\u2014Energy":[37],"Efficiency":[38,42],"(EE)":[39],"Spectral":[41],"(SE)\u2014also":[43],"exhibit":[44],"distinct":[45],"characteristics":[46],"variations.":[48],"To":[49],"achieve":[50],"differentiated":[51,75],"trade-offs":[52],"EE":[54],"SE":[56],"these":[58],"types":[60],"terminals,":[62],"this":[63,101],"letter":[64],"proposes":[65],"an":[66],"unsupervised":[67,125],"power":[68],"allocation":[69],"network":[70,102],"(UESTPANet)":[71],"designs":[73],"a":[74],"trade-off":[76],"mechanism.":[77],"Compared":[78],"traditional":[80],"iterative":[81],"algorithms,":[82],"it":[83],"exhibits":[84],"superior":[85],"real-time":[86,108],"adaptability":[89],"to":[90,95],"complex":[91],"scenarios.":[92],"contrast":[94],"fully":[96],"supervised":[97],"deep":[98],"neural":[99],"networks,":[100],"can":[103,127],"enhance":[104],"stability":[106],"outputs":[111],"without":[112],"need":[114],"labeled":[116],"training":[117],"samples.":[118],"Simulation":[119],"results":[120],"demonstrate":[121],"that":[122],"proposed":[124],"method":[126],"effectively":[128],"optimize":[129],"spectral":[131],"efficiency":[132,135],"energy":[134],"system.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T16:38:21.277918","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}