{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140292441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757","title":"Beam Splitting Mitigation Through Active RIS Design in Wideband THz Communications","display_name":"Beam Splitting Mitigation Through Active RIS Design in Wideband THz Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140292441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024828216","display_name":"Faran Awais Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faran Awais Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090544525","display_name":"Ali A. Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5012-1562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Arshad Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5012-1562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060930044","display_name":"Saleh A. Alawsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-191X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Ahmed Alawsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-191X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073876438","display_name":"Ali H. Muqaibel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hussein Muqaibel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39131717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"2834","last_page":"2838"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.6140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.6140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.07349999994039536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12024","display_name":"Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-beams","display_name":"Laser beams","score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.30550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984025587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser beams","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2026.3677757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5649105906486511,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W3212677559","https://openalex.org/W4225737845","https://openalex.org/W4315630081","https://openalex.org/W4361858306","https://openalex.org/W4384519067","https://openalex.org/W4385695889","https://openalex.org/W4387886088","https://openalex.org/W4388017411","https://openalex.org/W4388692603","https://openalex.org/W4391742605","https://openalex.org/W4394811150","https://openalex.org/W4394939113","https://openalex.org/W4404788725","https://openalex.org/W4405907106","https://openalex.org/W4407403537","https://openalex.org/W4412623357"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beam":[0],"splitting":[1,89],"(or":[2],"beam":[3,71,88,148],"squint)":[4],"is":[5,175,239],"a":[6,83,106,123,140,217],"critical":[7],"impairment":[8],"in":[9,21,28],"wideband":[10],"reconfigurable":[11],"intelligent":[12],"surface":[13],"(RIS)-aided":[14],"terahertz":[15],"(THz)":[16],"systems,":[17],"where":[18],"subcarriers":[19,121,201],"focus":[20],"different":[22],"spatial":[23],"directions,":[24],"causing":[25],"substantial":[26],"loss":[27,47,66,94],"beamforming":[29],"gain.":[30],"Conventional":[31],"passive":[32],"RIS":[33,53],"(PRIS)":[34],"not":[35],"only":[36],"suffers":[37],"from":[38],"this":[39,102],"effect":[40],"but":[41],"also":[42,176,240],"experiences":[43],"severe":[44],"double-hop":[45],"path":[46,65],"due":[48],"to":[49,86,157,215],"multiplicative":[50],"fading.":[51],"Active":[52],"(ARIS),":[54],"equipped":[55],"with":[56,178],"joint":[57,107],"amplitude":[58],"and":[59,68,95,145,237,259],"phase":[60],"control,":[61],"can":[62],"overcome":[63],"the":[64,115,135,153,158,164,168,179,184,199,210,221,224,230,235,247,257,263],"limitation":[67],"further":[69,244],"mitigate":[70,87],"splitting.":[72,149],"While":[73],"true":[74],"time":[75],"delay":[76],"(TTD)":[77],"units":[78],"have":[79],"been":[80],"studied":[81],"as":[82],"potential":[84],"remedy":[85],"effect,":[90],"their":[91],"large":[92],"insertion":[93],"hardware":[96],"complexity":[97],"hinder":[98],"practical":[99],"deployment.":[100],"In":[101],"letter,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"amplitude\u2013phase":[108],"optimization":[109],"framework":[110],"for":[111],"ARIS":[112,137,204,249],"that":[113,134,246],"maximizes":[114],"minimum":[116,185],"array":[117,154,186,196],"gain":[118,155,187,197],"across":[119,188],"all":[120,189],"under":[122,209,262],"transmit":[124],"power":[125,213,225,233,265],"constraint,":[126],"without":[127],"requiring":[128],"TTD":[129],"hardware.":[130],"Numerical":[131],"results":[132,243],"demonstrate":[133],"proposed":[136,248],"design":[138],"achieves":[139,193,251],"significantly":[141],"flatter":[142],"array-gain":[143],"profile":[144],"effectively":[146],"suppresses":[147],"Moreover,":[150],"it":[151,192],"doubles":[152],"compared":[156],"conventional":[159],"passive-RIS":[160,172,258],"baseline,":[161],"which":[162,228],"co-phases":[163],"cascaded":[165],"channel":[166],"at":[167,198],"central":[169],"frequency.":[170],"A":[171],"based":[173],"setup":[174],"implemented":[177],"same":[180,211,264],"objective":[181],"of":[182,223,232],"maximizing":[183],"subcarriers;":[190],"however,":[191],"33%":[194],"lower":[195],"extreme":[200],"than":[202,255],"our":[203],"design.":[205],"Both":[206],"setups":[207],"operate":[208],"total":[212],"budget":[214],"ensure":[216],"fair":[218],"comparison.":[219],"Finally,":[220],"role":[222],"allocation":[226,231],"factor,":[227],"governs":[229],"between":[234],"BS":[236],"active-RIS":[238],"analyzed.":[241],"Simulation":[242],"show":[245],"consistently":[250],"higher":[252],"achievable":[253],"rates":[254],"both":[256],"baseline":[260],"schemes":[261],"budget.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}