{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417471406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113","title":"The Best of Both Worlds? Why Satellite Constellations Are Unlikely to Span Both LEO and MEO","display_name":"The Best of Both Worlds? Why Satellite Constellations Are Unlikely to Span Both LEO and MEO","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417471406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009596990","display_name":"Nils Pachler de la Osa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3901-7059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils Pachler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3901-7059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063754319","display_name":"Bruce Cameron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce G. Cameron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-6325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46418007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"900","last_page":"904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8840000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8840000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11082","display_name":"Spacecraft Dynamics and Control","score":0.06109999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.9047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span","display_name":"Span (engineering)","score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-broadcasting","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4964999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.9047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6934000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4964999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987528665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854845","display_name":"Earth observation satellite","level":3,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154978347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579577","display_name":"Geocentric orbit","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3646113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3269101420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LCF/BQ/EU21/11890113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312058","funder_display_name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312058","display_name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03zhx9h04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143927285","https://openalex.org/W3003394437","https://openalex.org/W3010137513","https://openalex.org/W3023458242","https://openalex.org/W3122322599","https://openalex.org/W3178636644","https://openalex.org/W3192456604","https://openalex.org/W4223568641","https://openalex.org/W4283022051","https://openalex.org/W4285304281","https://openalex.org/W4285813861","https://openalex.org/W4313006194","https://openalex.org/W4392717081","https://openalex.org/W4399801185","https://openalex.org/W4405778851"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,25,45],"cost-effective,":[3],"highly":[4],"capable":[5],"satellites":[6,35],"opens":[7],"opportunities":[8],"and":[9,27,65],"poses":[10],"challenges":[11],"in":[12,41,83],"the":[13,23,43,62],"quest":[14],"for":[15,94],"efficient":[16,49],"constellation":[17],"designs.":[18],"While":[19],"existing":[20],"literature":[21],"explores":[22],"design":[24,63],"Low":[26],"Medium":[28],"Earth":[29],"Orbit":[30],"constellations,":[31],"hybrid":[32,50,79],"systems":[33,80],"combining":[34],"at":[36],"different":[37],"altitudes":[38],"hold":[39],"promise":[40],"exploiting":[42],"advantages":[44],"both.":[46],"To":[47],"find":[48],"designs,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"a":[54,57,66],"two-phased":[55],"strategy:":[56],"surrogate":[58],"model":[59,68],"to":[60,69],"filter":[61],"space,":[64],"detailed":[67],"provide":[70],"insight":[71],"into":[72],"system":[73],"performance.":[74],"Results":[75],"show":[76],"that":[77],"while":[78],"are":[81],"appealing":[82],"theory,":[84],"operational":[85],"considerations":[86],"such":[87],"as":[88],"inter-satellite":[89],"interference":[90],"make":[91],"them":[92],"undesirable":[93],"practical":[95],"implementation.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}