{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416214920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823","title":"A General Channel Model for Low-Altitude Communications Incorporating Airframe Scattering Effect","display_name":"A General Channel Model for Low-Altitude Communications Incorporating Airframe Scattering Effect","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416214920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingzhe Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingzhe Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045149148","display_name":"Boyu Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyu Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059744420","display_name":"Ruifeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruifeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-4120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100957001","display_name":"Liwei Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055895651","display_name":"Kai Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082333178","display_name":"Qiuming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9861,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96088719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"665","last_page":"669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airframe","display_name":"Airframe","score":0.9652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.3522000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205167488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222946","display_name":"Airframe","level":2,"score":0.9652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16757284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145117","display_name":"Poisson point process","level":3,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3632823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1956227882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2275469967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62431014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4528712221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593800580","https://openalex.org/W2962125566","https://openalex.org/W2987611211","https://openalex.org/W3084568860","https://openalex.org/W3198828719","https://openalex.org/W4319338698","https://openalex.org/W4362653572","https://openalex.org/W4386536163","https://openalex.org/W4396857134","https://openalex.org/W4403758955","https://openalex.org/W4404952423","https://openalex.org/W4407351695","https://openalex.org/W4410491699","https://openalex.org/W4411600920"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,124],"low-altitude":[4,35,57,125],"wireless":[5],"communications":[6],"necessitates":[7],"a":[8,55,66,85],"general":[9,56,122],"channel":[10,58],"model":[11,59,94,123],"that":[12],"supports":[13],"both":[14,78],"air-to-ground":[15],"(A2G)":[16],"and":[17,44,80,111,117],"air-to-air":[18],"(A2A)":[19],"scenarios.":[20],"Autonomous":[21],"aerial":[22,28],"vehicles":[23],"(AAVs),":[24],"serving":[25],"as":[26],"agile":[27],"nodes,":[29],"are":[30],"now":[31],"widely":[32],"deployed":[33],"in":[34],"communication":[36],"systems.":[37],"However,":[38],"most":[39],"existing":[40],"models":[41],"remain":[42],"scenario-specific":[43],"overlook":[45],"the":[46,95,115,120],"AAV":[47],"airframe":[48,96,100],"scattering":[49],"(AS)":[50],"effect.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"proposes":[54],"based":[60,105],"on":[61,106],"truncated":[62],"confocal":[63],"ellipsoids,":[64],"deriving":[65],"joint":[67],"angular":[68],"probability":[69],"density":[70],"function":[71],"(PDF)":[72],"of":[73,119],"ground":[74],"scatterers":[75,97],"to":[76,93],"support":[77],"A2G":[79],"A2A":[81],"communications.":[82],"In":[83],"addition,":[84],"nonhomogeneous":[86],"Poisson":[87],"cluster":[88],"process":[89],"(NHPCP)":[90],"is":[91,102],"introduced":[92],"distribution,":[98],"while":[99],"shadowing":[101],"analytically":[103],"formulated":[104],"diffraction":[107],"theory.":[108],"Numerical":[109],"simulations":[110],"empirical":[112],"validation":[113],"demonstrate":[114],"accuracy":[116],"effectiveness":[118],"proposed":[121],"AAV-based":[126],"channels.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}