{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414871556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168","title":"DRL-Based User Fairness in Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Extremely Large Antenna Array Systems","display_name":"DRL-Based User Fairness in Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Extremely Large Antenna Array Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414871556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003710124","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-1597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035828461","display_name":"Mahnoor Anjum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-1597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahnoor Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-1597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770198","display_name":"Deepak Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-6495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-6495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002135635","display_name":"Haejoon Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haejoon Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-2784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049089848","display_name":"Trung Q. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Q. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56921147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"4212","last_page":"4216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.597100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagonal","display_name":"Diagonal","score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavefront","display_name":"Wavefront","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4187000095844269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.597100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130367717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791","display_name":"Diagonal","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113313756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332791","display_name":"Diagonal matrix","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778002699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876057","display_name":"Multi-user","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3618168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3194854077","https://openalex.org/W4385338447","https://openalex.org/W4385864374","https://openalex.org/W4388624562","https://openalex.org/W4389925694","https://openalex.org/W4393241247","https://openalex.org/W4396542228","https://openalex.org/W4401990339","https://openalex.org/W4403183355","https://openalex.org/W4404479865","https://openalex.org/W4406354934","https://openalex.org/W4408254285","https://openalex.org/W4408324656"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,34,69,73,76,80,86,106,115,120],"user":[4,40],"fairness":[5,55],"for":[6],"multi-user":[7],"downlink":[8],"communications":[9],"systems":[10,118],"with":[11,92,119],"beyond":[12],"diagonal-reconfigurable":[13],"intelligent":[14,123],"surface":[15,124],"(BDRIS)":[16],"and":[17,29,44,66,75,94,104,111,126],"extremely":[18],"large":[19],"antenna":[20],"array":[21],"(ELAA),":[22],"which":[23],"takes":[24],"advantage":[25],"of":[26,72,79],"interconnected":[27],"elements":[28],"spherical":[30],"wavefront":[31],"characteristics":[32],"in":[33],"near":[35],"field.":[36],"We":[37],"formulate":[38],"a":[39,46,62],"fairness-oriented":[41],"optimization":[42],"problem":[43],"develop":[45],"deep":[47],"reinforcement":[48],"learning":[49],"(DRL)-based":[50],"algorithm":[51],"to":[52,114],"effectively":[53],"maximize":[54],"among":[56],"users.":[57],"The":[58],"proposed":[59,87],"framework":[60],"provides":[61,89],"fast":[63],"converging":[64],"solution":[65],"simultaneously":[67],"designs":[68],"transmit":[70],"beamformers":[71],"ELAA":[74,117],"reconfiguration":[77],"matrix":[78],"BDRIS.":[81],"Simulation":[82],"results":[83],"show":[84],"that":[85],"system":[88],"better":[90],"performance":[91,108],"perfect":[93],"imperfect":[95],"channel":[96],"state":[97],"information":[98],"(CSI)":[99],"than":[100],"typical":[101],"DRL":[102],"algorithms":[103],"improves":[105],"min-rate":[107],"by":[109],"3.86%":[110],"13.6%,":[112],"compared":[113],"benchmark":[116],"conventional":[121],"reconfigurable":[122],"(RIS)":[125],"without":[127],"RIS,":[128],"respectively.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}