{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413349462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665","title":"Robust Beamforming for Secure and Covert Communications Against Location Uncertainty","display_name":"Robust Beamforming for Secure and Covert Communications Against Location Uncertainty","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413349462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020610689","display_name":"Manlin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-4567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manlin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, and, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, &#x00A0;Shanghai Jiao Tong University SJTU, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-4567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, and, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, &#x00A0;Shanghai Jiao Tong University SJTU, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9232-5682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154110","display_name":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jbf9x18","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent TT&#x0026;C and Space-based Application Laboratory, Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9232-5682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent TT&#x0026;C and Space-based Application Laboratory, Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039276248","display_name":"Ouxin Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154110","display_name":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jbf9x18","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouxin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401396","display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-0486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154110","display_name":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jbf9x18","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent TT&#x0026;C and Space-based Application Laboratory, Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-0486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent TT&#x0026;C and Space-based Application Laboratory, Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085292302","display_name":"Bin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, and, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, &#x00A0;Shanghai Jiao Tong University SJTU, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, and, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, &#x00A0;Shanghai Jiao Tong University SJTU, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020610689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73474076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"3685","last_page":"3689"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7791211605072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6748616695404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.521697461605072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4600427448749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.43561193346977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3750280737876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29322701692581177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7791211605072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6748616695404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.521697461605072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4600427448749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.43561193346977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3750280737876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29322701692581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3600665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8960235387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046307462","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2140214428","https://openalex.org/W3003392456","https://openalex.org/W3011462891","https://openalex.org/W4324134946","https://openalex.org/W4378364834","https://openalex.org/W4385062305","https://openalex.org/W4386703056","https://openalex.org/W4392449940","https://openalex.org/W4407097676","https://openalex.org/W4408280694","https://openalex.org/W4410591199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2392053643","https://openalex.org/W4210390481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"security":[1],"of":[2,36,128,134,146],"air-to-ground":[3],"communication":[4],"is":[5,54,78,99,111,117],"seriously":[6],"challenged":[7],"by":[8],"the":[9,29,34,62,65,75,81,85,93,105,108,114,121,126,129,135,139,144,156],"malicious":[10],"eavesdropper/warder.":[11],"Beamforming":[12],"technology":[13],"with":[14,101,158],"multiple":[15],"antennas":[16,147],"can":[17],"achieve":[18],"signal":[19],"enhancement/nulling":[20],"in":[21,47,132],"specific":[22],"direction":[23],"to":[24,40,91,152],"improve":[25],"transmission":[26],"security.":[27,42],"However,":[28],"inaccurate":[30],"location":[31,102,159],"information":[32],"weakens":[33],"ability":[35],"existing":[37],"beamforming":[38,52],"schemes":[39],"guarantee":[41],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45,48],"issue,":[46],"work,":[49],"a":[50],"robust":[51],"scheme":[53,131],"proposed":[55,130],"for":[56,107,119],"secure":[57],"and":[58,64,84,113,138],"covert":[59],"communication,":[60],"where":[61],"receiver":[63],"eavesdropper/warder":[66],"are":[67],"potentially":[68],"located":[69],"within":[70],"some":[71],"regions.":[72],"In":[73,89],"particular,":[74],"system":[76],"performance":[77,137,153],"analyzed,":[79],"including":[80],"secrecy":[82,94,140],"rate":[83],"detection":[86],"error":[87],"probability.":[88],"addition,":[90],"maximize":[92],"rate,":[95],"an":[96],"optimization":[97],"problem":[98],"formulated":[100],"uncertainty.":[103,160],"Further,":[104],"bound":[106],"uncertainty":[109],"region":[110],"derived,":[112],"lossy":[115],"S-procedure":[116],"exploited":[118],"solving":[120],"problem.":[122],"Numerical":[123],"results":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"superiority":[127],"terms":[133],"covertness":[136],"rate.":[141],"Besides,":[142],"increasing":[143],"number":[145],"does":[148],"not":[149],"always":[150],"lead":[151],"gains":[154],"under":[155],"scenario":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-08T23:21:52.890332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
