{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412719164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735","title":"Iterative Beamforming Method for Phased Array Fed Reflector in 6G Direct-to-Cell Satellite Communications","display_name":"Iterative Beamforming Method for Phased Array Fed Reflector in 6G Direct-to-Cell Satellite Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412719164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuhang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1988-1465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1988-1465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705111","display_name":"Zhen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-3043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109052191","display_name":"Baicheng LIU","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4569-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingkun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4569-2509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053547427","display_name":"Ning Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-7025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-7025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020458531","display_name":"Linling Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-855X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linling Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-855X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053012932","display_name":"Jianhua L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-9172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23084061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"3415","last_page":"3419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8202816843986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.7063413858413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.6391109228134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5311436057090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflector","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","score":0.47955581545829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4775310754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-method","display_name":"Iterative method","score":0.42673659324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41192543506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-broadcasting","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","score":0.411324679851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3559165596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33299657702445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2620121240615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19443398714065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1813935935497284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.17667409777641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14740276336669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.12662795186042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10969054698944092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8202816843986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.7063413858413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.6391109228134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5311436057090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.47955581545829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4775310754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.42673659324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41192543506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.411324679851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3559165596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33299657702445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2620121240615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19443398714065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1813935935497284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.17667409777641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14740276336669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.12662795186042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10969054698944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128","display_name":"Light source","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3592735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1392091062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0701601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3324124039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0701601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2100755644","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2620866575","https://openalex.org/W2784189352","https://openalex.org/W2964218543","https://openalex.org/W2988443912","https://openalex.org/W4206654616","https://openalex.org/W4210250788","https://openalex.org/W4312986095","https://openalex.org/W4313004278","https://openalex.org/W4378842272","https://openalex.org/W4381885815","https://openalex.org/W4387870790","https://openalex.org/W4390659105","https://openalex.org/W4392152895","https://openalex.org/W4395661996","https://openalex.org/W4402509570","https://openalex.org/W4405937981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989454727","https://openalex.org/W2007491870","https://openalex.org/W4385750381","https://openalex.org/W623123055","https://openalex.org/W416660270","https://openalex.org/W2020374352","https://openalex.org/W2318089893","https://openalex.org/W2594208605","https://openalex.org/W617654698","https://openalex.org/W2592743063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"communication":[1],"between":[2,120],"satellites":[3,63,78,85],"and":[4,16,86,104,109,125,136],"terminals,":[5],"known":[6],"as":[7],"direct-to-cell":[8],"(D2C),":[9],"is":[10],"currently":[11],"in":[12],"the":[13,21,29,34,53,71,81,93,111,118,121,126,145,159],"developmental":[14],"stage":[15],"has":[17],"become":[18],"one":[19],"of":[20,24,31,37,57,74,83,167],"key":[22],"focuses":[23],"satellite":[25,45],"communications.":[26],"However,":[27],"with":[28,172],"increase":[30],"orbital":[32],"altitude,":[33],"aperture":[35,175],"size":[36],"phased":[38,94,176],"array":[39,95],"antennas":[40],"adopted":[41,59],"by":[42,60],"low-earth-orbit":[43],"(LEO)":[44],"grows,":[46],"introducing":[47],"excessively":[48],"complex":[49],"hardware":[50,106],"requirements.":[51],"Meanwhile,":[52],"beam":[54],"reconfiguration":[55],"capability":[56,103],"reflectors":[58],"geostationary-orbit":[61],"(GEO)":[62],"are":[64],"limited,":[65],"making":[66],"it":[67],"challenging":[68],"to":[69,80,150,165],"meet":[70],"D2C":[72],"demands":[73],"non-geostationary":[75],"orbit":[76],"(NGSO)":[77],"due":[79],"mobility":[82],"both":[84],"terminals.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89,134],"letter,":[90],"we":[91],"utilize":[92],"fed":[96],"reflector":[97],"(PAFR),":[98],"which":[99],"offers":[100],"dynamic":[101],"beamforming":[102,113,140],"reduced":[105],"complexity":[107],"advantages,":[108],"propose":[110],"corresponding":[112],"mathematical":[114],"model.":[115],"We":[116],"analyze":[117],"relation":[119],"weighted":[122,127],"sum":[123],"rate":[124],"minimum":[128],"mean":[129],"square":[130],"error":[131],"(WMMSE)":[132],"within":[133],"architecture,":[135],"design":[137],"an":[138,173],"iterative":[139],"optimization":[141],"method":[142,161],"based":[143],"on":[144],"WMMSE":[146],"criterion":[147],"that":[148,158,166],"converges":[149],"a":[151,168],"local":[152],"optimal":[153],"solution.":[154],"Simulation":[155],"results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"proposed":[160],"achieves":[162],"performance":[163],"comparable":[164],"fully":[169],"connected":[170],"structure":[171],"equivalent":[174],"array,":[177],"while":[178],"offering":[179],"superior":[180],"energy":[181],"efficiency.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}