{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412375151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070","title":"Fluid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Joint On-Off Selection and Beamforming With Discrete Phase Shifts","display_name":"Fluid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Joint On-Off Selection and Beamforming With Discrete Phase Shifts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412375151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002856350","display_name":"Han Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8613-4422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8613-4422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899032","display_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-3143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011048761","display_name":"Kai\u2010Kit Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014455956","display_name":"Hanjiang Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanjiang Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-6177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056331037","display_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079863632","display_name":"Chan\u2010Byoung Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98260049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"3124","last_page":"3128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9506000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6286881566047668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5824613571166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5626810789108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5527637004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4770728349685669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2166873812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20301735401153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1837170124053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18270206451416016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6286881566047668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5824613571166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5626810789108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5527637004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4770728349685669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2166873812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20301735401153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1837170124053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18270206451416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3587070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10212704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10212704/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters       (2025)     (In press).","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1864038768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471380","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2621430486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471380","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","funder_display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2842576049","display_name":"Fluid Antenna Systems for 6G Wireless Communications: Implementation, System Optimisation and Theoretical Analysis","funder_award_id":"EP/W026813/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3100839632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","funder_display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8411583234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107232831","https://openalex.org/W3209801506","https://openalex.org/W4253187718","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4388073421","https://openalex.org/W4390357369","https://openalex.org/W4394862981","https://openalex.org/W4400526331","https://openalex.org/W4403022228","https://openalex.org/W4404293657","https://openalex.org/W4404410614","https://openalex.org/W4406457603","https://openalex.org/W4406754523","https://openalex.org/W4407374226","https://openalex.org/W4408145380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,28,34,40,58],"fluid":[4],"reconfigurable":[5,13],"intelligent":[6,14],"surface":[7,15],"(FRIS)":[8],"paradigm,":[9],"extending":[10],"the":[11,23,83,98],"conventional":[12],"(RIS)":[16],"technology":[17],"to":[18,81],"incorporate":[19],"position":[20],"reconfigurability":[21],"of":[22,37],"elements.":[24],"In":[25],"our":[26],"model,":[27],"\u2018fluid\u2019":[29],"element":[30,74],"is":[31],"realized":[32],"by":[33],"dense":[35],"matrix":[36],"subelements":[38],"over":[39,112],"given":[41],"space":[42],"and":[43,65,76],"dynamically":[44],"selecting":[45],"specific":[46],"elements":[47],"for":[48],"signal":[49],"modulation":[50],"based":[51,96],"on":[52,97],"channel":[53],"conditions.":[54],"Specifically,":[55],"we":[56,91],"consider":[57],"FRIS-assisted":[59],"single-user":[60],"single-input":[61],"single-output":[62],"(SU-SISO)":[63],"system":[64],"formulate":[66],"an":[67,93],"optimization":[68,100],"problem":[69,89],"that":[70,106],"can":[71],"jointly":[72],"optimize":[73],"selection":[75],"their":[77],"discrete":[78],"phase":[79],"shifts":[80],"maximize":[82],"achievable":[84],"rate.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this":[88],"efficiently,":[90],"propose":[92],"iterative":[94],"algorithm":[95],"cross-entropy":[99],"(CEO)":[101],"framework.":[102],"Simulation":[103],"results":[104],"reveal":[105],"FRIS":[107],"achieves":[108],"significant":[109],"performance":[110],"gains":[111],"traditional":[113],"RIS.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
