{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412082358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799","title":"SFDT: A Signal Frequency-Domain Backdoor Attack With Sample-Specific Trigger Against Automatic Modulation Recognition","display_name":"SFDT: A Signal Frequency-Domain Backdoor Attack With Sample-Specific Trigger Against Automatic Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412082358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100874337","display_name":"Gan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5818-7038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5818-7038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015587170","display_name":"Hongjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611719","display_name":"Xinhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3934-1876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07708294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"3114","last_page":"3118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9352999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.8018765449523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.6393920183181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5938411355018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5772958993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5438202023506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5287380218505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.5137839913368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.4188624322414398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4126589000225067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.330173134803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.22843709588050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22520586848258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.19955343008041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1937878429889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17574700713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.11034104228019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.09216159582138062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.8018765449523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.6393920183181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5938411355018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5772958993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5438202023506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5287380218505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.5137839913368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.4188624322414398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4126589000225067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.330173134803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.22843709588050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22520586848258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.19955343008041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1937878429889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17574700713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.11034104228019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.09216159582138062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3586799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3348246166","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u91cd\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u901a\u4fe1\u7f51\u4fe1\u53f7\u6001\u52bf\u5168\u8986\u76d6\u611f\u77e5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7701723719","display_name":"\u6df7\u5408\u6a21\u62df\u6570\u5b57\u7ed3\u6784\u7a7a\u95f4\u8c03\u5236\u65e0\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u4f20\u8f93\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2995240473","https://openalex.org/W3000943722","https://openalex.org/W3035294798","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3114686421","https://openalex.org/W4210596975","https://openalex.org/W4324290967","https://openalex.org/W4386446911","https://openalex.org/W4398151548","https://openalex.org/W4402626991","https://openalex.org/W4411337749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W2151453765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)-based":[2],"automatic":[3],"modulation":[4],"recognition":[5],"(AMR)":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,86,93],"crucial":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,19,45,104,122],"contemporary":[12],"wireless":[13],"communication":[14],"systems.":[15,124],"However,":[16],"collecting":[17],"data":[18],"open":[20],"electromagnetic":[21],"space":[22],"and":[23,57,65,88,114],"relying":[24],"on":[25,41],"third-party":[26],"training":[27],"resources":[28],"can":[29],"introduce":[30],"significant":[31],"security":[32,120],"vulnerabilities,":[33],"notably":[34],"through":[35],"backdoor":[36,39,67,75],"attacks.":[37],"Existing":[38],"attacks":[40],"AMR":[42,123],"function":[43],"primarily":[44],"the":[46,71,105,116],"time":[47],"domain,":[48],"constrained":[49],"by":[50],"identical":[51],"trigger":[52,94],"designs,":[53],"conspicuous":[54],"embedding":[55,103],"artifacts,":[56],"static":[58],"activation":[59],"positions.":[60],"To":[61],"reveal":[62],"more":[63],"stealthy":[64,102],"severe":[66],"threats,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"first":[72],"Signal":[73],"Frequency-Domain":[74],"attack":[76],"with":[77],"sample-specific":[78],"Trigger":[79],"(SFDT)":[80],"against":[81],"AMR.":[82],"The":[83],"SFDT":[84],"integrates":[85],"controller":[87],"synthesizer":[89],"to":[90,97],"dynamically":[91],"generate":[92],"specifically":[95],"adapted":[96],"individual":[98],"signal":[99],"sample,":[100],"allowing":[101],"frequency":[106],"domain.":[107],"This":[108],"work":[109],"highlights":[110],"previously":[111],"unexplored":[112],"risks":[113],"underscores":[115],"critical":[117],"need":[118],"for":[119],"measures":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
