{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410294904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871","title":"Joint Passive Beamforming and Deployment Design for Multi-Intelligent Refracting Surface-Aided High-Speed Railway Communication","display_name":"Joint Passive Beamforming and Deployment Design for Multi-Intelligent Refracting Surface-Aided High-Speed Railway Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410294904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100610575","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9796-339X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016962592","display_name":"Lipeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-8876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lipeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032569059","display_name":"He Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-0438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002187290","display_name":"Yong Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-5527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620739","display_name":"Bo Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6850-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422102","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100610575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12520239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"2336","last_page":"2340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7619311809539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6975067257881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6914354562759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.62480628490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4571099877357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4397718012332916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.317587673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2025599479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.0787041187286377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7619311809539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6975067257881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6914354562759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.62480628490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4571099877357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4397718012332916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.317587673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2025599479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0787041187286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3568871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342761634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5331489779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62221001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6840317757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7052355602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JBQY004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7922788989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L232042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8370932740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62341127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584244501","https://openalex.org/W2797817980","https://openalex.org/W3029554135","https://openalex.org/W3167883061","https://openalex.org/W4214907872","https://openalex.org/W4285173360","https://openalex.org/W4312880298","https://openalex.org/W4313169670","https://openalex.org/W4379382521","https://openalex.org/W4387757580","https://openalex.org/W4388624612","https://openalex.org/W4390496060","https://openalex.org/W4391892607","https://openalex.org/W4393171267","https://openalex.org/W4393372213","https://openalex.org/W4399518847","https://openalex.org/W4399601919","https://openalex.org/W4403510925","https://openalex.org/W4403635747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"investigates":[2],"a":[3,46],"multi-intelligent":[4],"refracting":[5],"surface":[6],"(IRS)":[7],"aided":[8],"high-speed":[9],"railway":[10],"communication":[11],"system":[12],"that":[13,124],"can":[14,154],"provide":[15],"cooperative":[16],"passive":[17,29,71,148],"beamforming":[18,30,72,149],"gains":[19],"without":[20],"incurring":[21],"additional":[22],"channel":[23,83],"estimation":[24],"overhead.":[25],"A":[26],"novel":[27],"multi-IRS":[28,70,147],"framework":[31],"is":[32,112],"designed":[33],"to":[34,78,114],"simultaneously":[35],"track":[36],"the":[37,41,52,55,61,65,69,80,90,97,104,125,137,145,157,162],"time-varying":[38],"channels":[39],"between":[40],"remote":[42],"radio":[43],"head":[44],"and":[45,73,107,150],"number":[47,140],"of":[48,54,141],"IRSs":[49,58],"mounted":[50],"on":[51],"top":[53],"train.":[56,98],"These":[57],"cooperatively":[59],"enhance":[60],"signal":[62,158],"coverage":[63,95,159],"within":[64,89],"train":[66,163],"carriage.":[67,164],"Specifically,":[68],"deployment":[74,129,134,151],"are":[75],"jointly":[76],"optimized":[77],"maximize":[79],"minimum":[81],"average":[82],"power":[84],"across":[85],"all":[86],"discretized":[87],"grids":[88],"carriage,":[91],"thereby":[92],"ensuring":[93],"fair":[94],"throughout":[96],"An":[99],"alternating":[100],"optimization":[101,118],"algorithm,":[102],"utilizing":[103],"semidefinite":[105],"relaxation":[106],"one-dimensional":[108],"line":[109],"search":[110],"techniques,":[111],"employed":[113],"solve":[115],"this":[116],"non-convex":[117],"problem":[119],"efficiently.":[120],"Numerical":[121],"results":[122],"reveal":[123],"proposed":[126,146],"distributed":[127],"IRS":[128,142],"scheme":[130],"outperforms":[131],"its":[132],"centralized":[133],"counterpart":[135],"with":[136],"same":[138],"total":[139],"elements.":[143],"Moreover,":[144],"joint":[152],"design":[153],"significantly":[155],"improve":[156],"performance":[160],"in":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}