{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404035669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307","title":"Blockchain Sharding Over Wireless Channels: Dynamic Resource Allocation With Sparse Reward","display_name":"Blockchain Sharding Over Wireless Channels: Dynamic Resource Allocation With Sparse Reward","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404035669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054356204","display_name":"Zhangjun Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhangjun Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080171254","display_name":"Long Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6124-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407591","display_name":"Zhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-5569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691319","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Somapah Road, Singapore","Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Somapah Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054356204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5309,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87771307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.963699996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7223799228668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6574933528900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.5340211987495422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.527468204498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4951263964176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.444783091545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4343394637107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33872920274734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19644519686698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1888619065284729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7223799228668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6574933528900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5340211987495422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.527468204498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4951263964176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.444783091545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4343394637107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33872920274734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19644519686698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1888619065284729}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3487307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3098275199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3550020321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G524497075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5775854368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20210331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3031871290","https://openalex.org/W3039152299","https://openalex.org/W4205919831","https://openalex.org/W4283800386","https://openalex.org/W4312473574","https://openalex.org/W4312871526","https://openalex.org/W4392902538","https://openalex.org/W4396817398","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6766967640","https://openalex.org/W6854877976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923452570","https://openalex.org/W206598027","https://openalex.org/W2978610750","https://openalex.org/W2022931285","https://openalex.org/W1589966275","https://openalex.org/W2086872282","https://openalex.org/W2137789903","https://openalex.org/W2138781885","https://openalex.org/W2153007255","https://openalex.org/W2362797233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"sharding":[1],"over":[2,22,193],"wireless":[3,30],"channels":[4,32],"(BSoW)":[5],"is":[6,126],"a":[7,59,88],"promising":[8],"technology":[9],"to":[10,74,115,131,154,184],"enhance":[11],"the":[12,20,26,45,54,67,76,82,96,106,116,120,124,132,137,156,162,187,197,205,209],"throughput":[13],"of":[14,29,134,158,190],"blockchain":[15],"systems":[16],"by":[17,213,223],"parallelly":[18],"processing":[19,38],"transactions":[21],"multiple":[23],"shards.":[24],"Nonetheless,":[25],"time-varying":[27],"characteristic":[28],"fading":[31],"may":[33,150],"result":[34],"in":[35,95,105],"unequal":[36],"transaction":[37,78,86,97,211],"rates":[39],"across":[40],"different":[41],"shards,":[42],"which":[43,165],"limits":[44],"overall":[46],"system":[47],"delay.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,173],"letter,":[51],"we":[52,175],"formulate":[53],"dynamic":[55],"resource":[56],"allocation":[57,69],"as":[58,145],"Markov":[60],"decision":[61],"process":[62],"(MDP)":[63],"that":[64,204],"jointly":[65],"optimizes":[66],"bandwidth":[68],"and":[70,102,128,222],"block":[71,107],"sizes,":[72],"aiming":[73],"minimize":[75],"cumulative":[77],"completion":[79],"latency":[80,212],"for":[81,99,109,196],"BSoW":[83],"network.":[84],"Each":[85],"undergoes":[87],"two-stage":[89],"consensus,":[90,101],"where":[91],"it":[92],"first":[93],"waits":[94,104],"queue":[98,108],"member-PBFT":[100],"then":[103],"final-PBFT":[110],"consensus":[111],"before":[112],"being":[113],"appended":[114],"main":[117],"chain.":[118],"Therefore,":[119],"reward":[121,192],"feedback":[122],"from":[123,167],"environment":[125],"delayed":[127],"sparse.":[129],"Due":[130],"lack":[133],"intermediate":[135,194],"feedback,":[136],"conventional":[138],"temporal-difference":[139],"based":[140],"reinforcement":[141],"learning":[142,169],"algorithms":[143],"such":[144],"Proximal":[146],"Policy":[147],"Optimization":[148],"(PPO)":[149],"not":[151],"be":[152],"able":[153],"identify":[155],"impact":[157],"each":[159],"action":[160],"on":[161],"final":[163],"reward,":[164],"suffers":[166],"low":[168],"efficiency.":[170],"To":[171],"address":[172],"issue,":[174],"propose":[176],"an":[177],"Hindsight":[178,217],"Distribution":[179],"Correction":[180],"Estimation":[181],"(HDICE)-PPO":[182],"algorithm":[183,207],"effectively":[185],"learn":[186],"credit":[188],"assignment":[189],"sparse":[191],"actions":[195],"policy":[198],"optimization.":[199],"The":[200],"simulation":[201],"results":[202],"show":[203],"proposed":[206],"reduces":[208],"average":[210],"46%":[214],"compared":[215,225],"with":[216,226],"Credit":[218],"Assignment":[219],"(HCA)-PPO":[220],"algorithm,":[221],"72.4%":[224],"PPO":[227],"algorithm.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}