{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401070441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986","title":"GRIDLoc: A Gradient Blending and Deep Learning-Based Localization Approach Combining RSS and CSI","display_name":"GRIDLoc: A Gradient Blending and Deep Learning-Based Localization Approach Combining RSS and CSI","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401070441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004810418","display_name":"Qianyi Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8027-7000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianyi Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8027-7000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111271992","display_name":"Bocheng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2935-1623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bocheng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004399713","display_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-367X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078969111","display_name":"Xiansheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiansheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-1607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008864376","display_name":"Nirwan Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirwan Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Advanced Networking Laboratory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Advanced Networking Laboratory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004810418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86784465,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"2620","last_page":"2624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.8683255910873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6996421217918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5440835356712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.0797419548034668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.8683255910873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6996421217918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5440835356712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0797419548034668}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3434986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5129411042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2168932899","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2753866421","https://openalex.org/W2811183593","https://openalex.org/W2894536391","https://openalex.org/W2957767832","https://openalex.org/W2958663852","https://openalex.org/W2985031189","https://openalex.org/W3021770953","https://openalex.org/W3035333188","https://openalex.org/W3041765103","https://openalex.org/W3083085256","https://openalex.org/W3132545547","https://openalex.org/W3133300446","https://openalex.org/W3213151972","https://openalex.org/W4205318075","https://openalex.org/W4225986494","https://openalex.org/W4312554637","https://openalex.org/W4321195614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W426968574","https://openalex.org/W2365639220","https://openalex.org/W2382520895","https://openalex.org/W2393709043","https://openalex.org/W2080567403","https://openalex.org/W2539387137","https://openalex.org/W2374952201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Received":[0],"Signal":[1],"Strength":[2],"(RSS)":[3],"and":[4,20,61,81,132,151],"Channel":[5],"State":[6],"Information":[7],"(CSI)":[8],"are":[9],"two":[10,40],"commonly":[11],"used":[12],"fingerprints":[13,41],"in":[14,99],"fingerprint-based":[15],"localization":[16,31,45,55,86,105],"systems.":[17,32,46],"Combining":[18],"RSS":[19],"CSI":[21],"has":[22],"the":[23,27,73,83,96,100],"potential":[24],"to":[25,37,42,94,135],"enhance":[26],"precision":[28],"of":[29,118,128],"indoor":[30,54],"Therefore,":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35,92],"preferable":[36],"combine":[38],"these":[39],"build":[43],"robust":[44],"This":[47],"letter":[48],"proposes":[49],"GRIDLoc,":[50],"a":[51,126],"method":[52,137,142],"for":[53,85],"based":[56,138,143],"on":[57,139,144],"gradient":[58],"blending":[59],"(GB)":[60],"deep":[62],"learning":[63],"(DL).":[64],"We":[65],"extract":[66],"location-related":[67],"features":[68,84],"with":[69],"smaller":[70],"dimensions":[71],"from":[72],"original":[74],"data":[75],"using":[76],"Convolutional":[77],"Neural":[78],"Networks":[79],"(CNNs)":[80],"concatenate":[82],"utilizing":[87],"feature-based":[88],"fusion.":[89],"Then,":[90],"GB":[91],"leveraged":[93],"avoid":[95],"overfitting":[97],"phenomenon":[98],"fusion":[101],"network,":[102],"thereby":[103],"improving":[104],"accuracy.":[106],"Experimental":[107],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110],"GRIDLoc":[111],"achieves":[112],"an":[113],"average":[114],"Localization":[115],"Error":[116],"(ALE)":[117],"<inline-formula":[119],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[121],"<tex-math":[122],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.42{m}$":[123],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[124],"representing":[125],"reduction":[127],"19.3%,":[129],"59.1%,":[130],"34.6%,":[131],"53.6%,":[133],"compared":[134],"RSS-only":[136,141],"CNN,":[140],"K":[145],"Nearest":[146],"Neighbors":[147],"(KNN),":[148],"CSI-only":[149],"method,":[150,154],"Data":[152],"concatenation":[153],"respectively.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}